Preliminary Evidence of the Association between Time on Buprenorphine and Cognitive Performance among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder Maintained on Buprenorphine: A Pilot Study.

People on buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) commonly present cognitive deficits that have been associated with illicit drug use and dropout from buprenorphine treatment. This study has compared cognitive responses to the Stroop Task and the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) among individuals on BMT, with recent drug use, and healthy controls and explored the associations between cognitive responses and drug use, craving, and buprenorphine use among participants on BMT. The participants were 16 individuals on BMT and 23 healthy controls. All participants completed a 60 min laboratory session in which they completed the Stroop Task and the CPT, a saliva drug test, a brief clinical history that collected substance-use- and treatment-related information, and the Opioid Craving Scale. The results showed that the BMT participants presented more commission errors (MBMT participants = 2.49; Mhealthy controls = 1.38; p = 0.048) and longer reaction times (MBMT participants = 798.09; Mhealthy controls = 699.09; p = 0.047) in the Stroop Task than did the healthy controls. More days on buprenorphine were negatively associated with reaction time in the CPT (-0.52) and the number of commission errors (-0.53), simple reaction time (-0.54), and reaction time correct (-0.57) in the Stroop Task. Neither drug use nor craving was significantly associated with the results for the cognitive tasks. Relative to the control participants, the BMT individuals performed worse in terms of longer reaction times and more commission errors in the Stroop Task. Within the BMT participants, longer times on buprenorphine were associated with better cognitive results in terms of faster reaction times for both tasks and lower commission errors for the Stroop Task.

Intestinal Knockout of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha Affects Structural Adaptation but not Liver Injury Following Massive Enterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Resection-associated liver steatosis, injury, and fibrosis is a devastating complication associated with massive small bowel resection (SBR). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) is a key regulator of intestinal lipid transport and metabolism whose expression is selectively increased after SBR. Here we asked if attenuating intestinal PPARα signaling would prevent steatosis and liver injury after SBR. METHODS: Pparα was deleted selectively in adult mouse intestine using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-LoxP breeding schema. Mice underwent 50% SBR. At 10 weeks post-operatively, metabolic phenotyping, body composition analysis, in vivo assessment of lipid absorption and intestinal permeability, and assessment of adaptation and liver injury was completed. RESULTS: Pparα intestinal knockout and littermate control mice were phenotypically similar in terms of weight trends and body composition after SBR. All mice demonstrated intestinal adaptation with increased villus height and crypt depth; however, Pparα intestinal knockout mice exhibited decreased villus growth at 10 weeks compared to littermate controls. Liver injury and fibrosis were similar between groups as assessed by serum AST and ALT levels, Sirius Red staining, and hepatic expression of Col1a1 and Acta2. CONCLUSIONS: Inducible intestinal deletion of Pparα influences structural adaptation but does not mitigate liver injury after SBR. These findings suggest that enterocyte PPARα signaling in adult mice is dispensable for resection-induced liver injury. The results are critical for understanding the contribution of intestinal lipid metabolic signaling pathways to the pathogenesis of hepatic injury associated with short bowel syndrome.

Randomly Distributed K14+ Breast Tumor Cells Polarize to the Leading Edge and Guide Collective Migration in Response to Chemical and Mechanical Environmental Cues.

Collective cell migration is an adaptive, coordinated interactive process involving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironmental interactions. A critical aspect of collective migration is the sensing and establishment of directional movement. It has been proposed that a subgroup of cells known as leader cells localize at the front edge of a collectively migrating cluster and are responsible for directing migration. However, it is unknown how and when leader cells arrive at the front edge and what environmental cues dictate leader cell development and behavior. Here, we addressed these questions by combining a microfluidic device design that mimics multiple tumor microenvironmental cues concurrently with biologically relevant primary, heterogeneous tumor cell organoids. Prior to migration, breast tumor leader cells (K14+) were present throughout a tumor organoid and migrated (polarized) to the leading edge in response to biochemical and biomechanical cues. Impairment of either CXCR4 (biochemical responsive) or the collagen receptor DDR2 (biomechanical responsive) abrogated polarization of leader cells and directed collective migration. This work demonstrates that K14+ leader cells utilize both chemical and mechanical cues from the microenvironment to polarize to the leading edge of collectively migrating tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that pre-existing, randomly distributed leader cells within primary tumor organoids use CXCR4 and DDR2 to polarize to the leading edge and direct migration.

Development of inhibition as a function of the presence of a supernatural agent.

In this study the author examined the developmental differences in inhibition and cognition of 4-8-year-old children as a function of the suggested presence of a supernatural agent. Previous evolutionarily-relevant research has suggested that humans are naturally primed to think in terms of supernatural agents and that, given the correct context, individuals readily accept novel supernatural entities and alter their behavior accordingly. All children in this study played 4 games designed to assess their present level of inhibitory and cognitive development. Children in the experimental condition were also introduced to an invisible Princess Alice and were told that she was watching during the games. Following these measures, all children engaged in a resistance-to-temptation task. Results revealed that cognitively advanced children were more likely to express belief in Princess Alice than were less cognitively advanced children. This research provides support that cognitive maturity, rather than immaturity, may be necessary for children to express belief in novel supernatural agents.

Evolutionary developmental psychology.

The field of evolutionary developmental psychology can potentially broaden the horizons of mainstream evolutionary psychology by combining the principles of Darwinian evolution by natural selection with the study of human development, focusing on the epigenetic effects that occur between humans and their environment in a way that attempts to explain how evolved psychological mechanisms become expressed in the phenotypes of adults. An evolutionary developmental perspective includes an appreciation of comparative research and we, among others, argue that contrasting the cognition of humans with that of nonhuman primates can provide a framework with which to understand how human cognitive abilities and intelligence evolved. Furthermore, we argue that several <> aspects of childhood (e.g., play and immature cognition) serve both as deferred adaptations as well as imparting immediate benefits. Intense selection pressure was surely exerted on childhood over human evolutionary history and, as a result, neglecting to consider the early developmental period of children when studying their later adulthood produces an incomplete picture of the evolved adaptations expressed through human behavior and cognition.

Evolutionary developmental psychology / Psicología evolucionista del desarrollo

The field of evolutionary developmental psychology can potentially broaden the horizons of mainstream evolutionary psychology by combining the principles of Darwinian evolution by natural selection with the study of human development, focusing on the epigenetic effects that occur between humans and their environment in a way that attempts to explain how evolved psychological mechanisms become expressed in the phenotypes of adults. An evolutionary developmental perspective includes an appreciation of comparative research and we, among others, argue that contrasting the cognition of humans with that of nonhuman primates can provide a framework with which to understand how human cognitive abilities and intelligence evolved. Furthermore, we argue that several «immature» aspects of childhood (e.g., play and immature cognition) serve both as deferred adaptations as well as imparting immediate benefits. Intense selection pressure was surely exerted on childhood over human evolutionary history and, as a result, neglecting to consider the early developmental period of children when studying their later adulthood produces an incomplete picture of the evolved adaptations expressed through human behavior and cognition (AU)

El campo de la psicología evolucionista del desarrollo puede ampliar potencialmente los horizontes de la psicología evolucionista, combinando los principios darwinistas de la evolución por selección natural con el estudio del desarrollo humano, centrándose en los efectos epigenéticos entre los seres humanos y su entorno, de manera que explique cómo los mecanismos psicológicos evolucionados se acaban expresando en el fenotipo de los sujetos adultos. Una perspectiva evolucionista del desarrollo incluye una consideración de la investigación comparada, y, como otros muchos especialistas, sostenemos que la comparación de la cognición humana con la de primates no humanos puede proporcionar un marco adecuado para comprender mejor cómo la inteligencia y otras habilidades cognitivas humanas evolucionaron. Además, se sostiene que varios aspectos «inmaduros» de la infancia (e.g., el juego y la cognición inmadura) sirven a la vez como adaptaciones diferidas y adaptaciones que tienen beneficios a corto plazo. Probablemente una intensa presión selectiva ha sido ejercida sobre la infancia a lo largo de la historia evolutiva humana, y, como resultado, negarse a considerar la relevancia del período temprano de desarrollo infantil cuando se estudia el comportamiento adulto, puede generar una visión incompleta de las adaptaciones evolutivas expresadas en la cognición y el comportamiento humanos (AU)