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1.
Aust Vet J ; 98(4): 156-163, 2020 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32037520

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short- and long-term outcome of an anchored intervertebral titanium device (C-LOX) for the treatment of 10 dogs with disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DACSM) and 1 dog with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Dogs were included if they were diagnosed with either DACSM or osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy via myelography with or without advanced imaging and underwent surgical distraction and stabilisation of the affected intervertebral disc with a C-LOX implant. Assessment included short-term neurological outcome, radiography immediately and 6 weeks' postsurgery, owner questionnaire and veterinary clinical assessment. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 12 months. Improvement in neurological status was noted in 10 of 11 dogs. Screw loosening or subsidence occurred in five dogs. Revision surgery was performed in two dogs due to implant fracture (n = 1) and recurrence of spinal cord compression due to endplate subsidence around the implant (n = 1). Adjacent segment disease occurred in three dogs (30%) with DACSM at a mean of 11 months postsurgery. CONCLUSION: The use of the C-LOX implant for dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy resulted in a high rate of initial neurological improvement; however, there is a moderate incidence of minor and major complications that is comparable to previously described distraction-stabilisation techniques.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Spinal Cord Compression/veterinary , Animals , Cervical Vertebrae , Dogs , Retrospective Studies , Titanium , Treatment Outcome
2.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis ; 1866(5): 165648, 2020 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31899295

ABSTRACT

The nuclear genome drives differences in immune cell populations and differentiation potentials, in part regulated by changes in metabolism. Despite this connection, the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms (SNP) in this process has not been examined. Using mitochondrial nuclear exchange (MNX) mice, we and others have shown that mtDNA strongly influences varying aspects of cell biology and disease. Based upon an established connection between mitochondria and immune cell polarization, we hypothesized that mtDNA SNP alter immune cell development, trafficking, and/or differentiation. Innate and adaptive immune cell populations were isolated and characterizated from the peritoneum and spleen. While most differences between mouse strains are regulated by nuclear DNA (nDNA), there are selective changes that are mediated by mtDNA differences (e.g., macrophage (CD11c) differentiation), These findings highlight how nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk may alter pathology and physiology via regulation of specific components of the immune system.


Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus/genetics , Genome, Mitochondrial/immunology , Lymphocytes/immunology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology , Quantitative Trait Loci/immunology , Adaptive Immunity/genetics , Animals , CD11 Antigens/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cell Differentiation/immunology , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Female , Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics , Immunity, Innate/genetics , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism , Male , Mice , Models, Animal , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
3.
Obes Rev ; 19(9): 1205-1235, 2018 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29761610

ABSTRACT

Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Diet , Metabolic Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Energy Intake/physiology , Humans , Metabolic Diseases/metabolism , Nutritive Value , Weight Gain/physiology
4.
Epidemiol Infect ; 145(11): 2409-2416, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28595669

ABSTRACT

We utilized de-identified data to evaluate increases in four outcomes during influenza outbreak periods (IOPs) including: hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation or death for adults aged 18 years or older with medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) admitted to any of Maryland's 50 acute-care hospitals over 12 years. Weekly numbers of positive influenza tests in the Maryland area were obtained from the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention interactive website. The fewest consecutive weeks around the peak week containing at least 85% of the positive tests defined the IOP. Weekly counts of individual study outcomes were positively correlated with regional weekly counts of positive influenza tests during all the IOPs over 12 years. Also, rate ratios comparing daily occurrences of each study outcome between the IOP and non-IOP were significantly elevated. These results confirm conclusions of previous studies that influenza outbreaks are clearly associated with deaths and increased use of advanced medical resources by patients with MAARI. These data analyses suggest that increased efforts to develop more effective influenza vaccines and therapeutics should be a priority.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units , Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Influenza, Human/mortality , Influenza, Human/virology , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Male , Maryland/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Young Adult
5.
Br J Cancer ; 108(9): 1907-14, 2013 May 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23612452

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Paternal occupational exposures have been proposed as a risk factor for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumours. This study investigates possible associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood CNS tumours in Great Britain. METHODS: The National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided all cases of childhood CNS tumours born and diagnosed in Great Britain from 1962 to 2006. Controls without cancer were matched on sex, period of birth and birth registration sub-district. Fathers' occupations were assigned to one or more of 33 exposure groups. A measure of social class was also derived from father's occupation at the time of the child's birth. RESULTS: Of 11 119 cases of CNS tumours, 5 722 (51%) were astrocytomas or other gliomas, 2 286 (21%) were embryonal and 985 (9%) were ependymomas. There was an increased risk for CNS tumours overall with exposure to animals, odds ratio (OR) 1.40 (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.01, 1.94) and, after adjustment for occupational social class (OSC), with exposure to lead, OR 1.18 (1.01, 1.39). Exposure to metal-working oil mists was associated with reduced risk of CNS tumours, both before and after adjustment for OSC, OR 0.87 (0.75, 0.99).Risk of ependymomas was raised for exposure to solvents, OR 1.73 (1.02,2.92). For astrocytomas and other gliomas, risk was raised with high social contact, although this was only statistically significant before adjustment for OSC, OR 1.15 (1.01,1.31). Exposure to paints and metals appeared to reduce the risk of astrocytomas and embryonal tumours, respectively. However, as these results were the result of a number of statistical tests, it is possible they were generated by chance.Higher social class was a risk factor for all CNS tumours, OR 0.97 (0.95, 0.99). This was driven by increased risk for higher social classes within the major subtype astrocytoma, OR 0.95 (0.91, 0.98). CONCLUSION: Our results provide little evidence that paternal occupation is a significant risk factor for childhood CNS tumours, either overall or for specific subtypes. However, these analyses suggest that OSC of the father may be associated with risk of some childhood CNS cancers.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Neoplasms/epidemiology , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Adolescent , Case-Control Studies , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/etiology , Child , Fathers , Female , Humans , Male , Metals/adverse effects , Odds Ratio , Paint/adverse effects , Social Class , United Kingdom/epidemiology
6.
Br J Cancer ; 107(9): 1652-9, 2012 Oct 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22968649

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Paternal occupational exposures have been proposed as a risk factor for childhood leukaemia. This study investigates possible associations between paternal occupational exposure and childhood leukaemia in Great Britain. METHODS: The National Registry of Childhood Tumours provided all cases of childhood leukaemia born and diagnosed in Great Britain between 1962 and 2006. Controls were matched on sex, period of birth and birth registration subdistrict. Fathers' occupations were assigned to 1 or more of 33 exposure groups. Social class was derived from father's occupation at the time of the child's birth. RESULTS: A total of 16 764 cases of childhood leukaemia were ascertained. One exposure group, paternal social contact, was associated with total childhood leukaemia (odds ratio 1.14, 1.05-1.23); this association remained significant when adjusted for social class. The subtypes lymphoid leukaemia (LL) and acute myeloid leukaemia showed increased risk with paternal exposure to social contact before adjustment for social class. Risk of other leukaemias was significantly increased by exposure to electromagnetic fields, persisting after adjustment for social class. For total leukaemia, the risks for exposure to lead and exhaust fumes were significantly <1. Occupationally derived social class was associated with risk of LL, with the risk being increased in the higher social classes. CONCLUSION: Our results showed some support for a positive association between childhood leukaemia risk and paternal occupation involving social contact. Additionally, LL risk increased with higher paternal occupational social class.


Subject(s)
Leukemia/epidemiology , Occupations/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Environmental Exposure , Fathers , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , United Kingdom/epidemiology
7.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 66(9): 1016-9, 2012 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22781021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Compromised vitamin D status is common in pregnancy and may have adverse impacts on fetal development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of infant whole-body bone mineral content (WBBMC) at 8-21 days of age with feto-maternal vitamin D status in a multiethnic population in Oakland, California. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 120 women and their newborn infants. Maternal and cord blood were collected at delivery. WBBMC was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in term-born infants 8-21 days post birth. RESULTS: No significant association was observed between unadjusted or size-adjusted WBBMC and feto-maternal vitamin D status analyzed continuously or categorically. In multivariate modeling, unadjusted WBBMC was predicted by bone area (P<0.0001), weight-for-age (P<0.0001) and weight-for-length (P=0.0005) Z-scores, but not by feto-maternal vitamin D status. Anthropometric predictors but not vitamin D remained significant in the multivariate model after adjustment of WBBMC for weight, bone area (bone mineral density) or logarithmically derived exponents of the denominators. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study do not support an association between feto-maternal vitamin D status and early infant WBBMC, raw or adjusted for inter-individual differences in size, in a multiethnic population in Northern California.


Subject(s)
Bone and Bones/metabolism , Infant, Newborn/metabolism , Pregnancy/metabolism , Vitamin D/metabolism , Absorptiometry, Photon , Adolescent , Adult , Birth Weight , Bone Density , California , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Regression Analysis , Vitamin D/blood , Young Adult
8.
Br J Cancer ; 102(3): 615-9, 2010 Feb 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20068570

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy of infancy but little is known about the aetiological factors associated with the development of this tumour. A number of epidemiological studies have previously examined the risk associated with paternal occupational exposures but most have involved small numbers of cases. Here we present results from a large, population-based, case-control study of subjects diagnosed over a period of more than 30 years and recorded in the national registry of childhood tumours in Great Britain. METHODS: A case-control study of paternal occupational data for 2920 cases of neuroblastoma, born and diagnosed in Great Britain between 1962 and 1999 and recorded in the National Registry of Childhood Tumours, and 2920 controls from the general population matched on sex, date of birth and birth registration district. Paternal occupations at birth, of the case or control child, were grouped by inferred exposure using an occupational exposure classification scheme. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), for each of the 32 paternal occupational exposure groups. RESULTS: Only paternal occupational exposure to leather was statistically significantly associated with neuroblastoma, OR=5.00 (95% CI 1.07-46.93). However, this association became non-significant on correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that paternal occupational exposure is an important aetiological factor for neuroblastoma.


Subject(s)
Neuroblastoma/etiology , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Adolescent , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Registries , Risk Factors , Time Factors , United Kingdom/epidemiology
9.
Occup Environ Med ; 66(10): 644-9, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19770353

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between paternal occupational exposures and retinoblastoma using birth registration data for cases from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and controls from the general population of Great Britain. METHODS: A case-control study of paternal occupational data for 1318 cases of retinoblastoma, born and diagnosed in Great Britain between 1962 and 1999, and 1318 controls matched on sex, date of birth and birth registration sub-district. Paternal occupations at birth were grouped according to inferred exposure using an occupational exposure classification scheme. A conditional (matched) case-control analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for each paternal occupational exposure group. RESULTS: For non-heritable retinoblastoma, a statistically significant increased risk was found with father's definite occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working (OR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.05 to 3.36)). Together with a (non-significant) risk (OR = 1.64 (0.73 to 3.83)) amongst the heritable cases, this occupational exposure was also associated with a significant increased risk when all retinoblastoma cases were considered together (OR = 1.77 (1.12 to 2.85)). No statistically significant associations were observed for other exposure groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding for exposure to oil mists in metal working (a subset of metal workers) is not directly comparable to those for metal working previously reported in the literature. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that paternal occupational exposure is an important aetiological factor for retinoblastoma, however, the study has low power and other methodological limitations.


Subject(s)
Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Retinal Neoplasms/etiology , Retinoblastoma/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Metallurgy , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Paternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Registries , Retinal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Retinal Neoplasms/genetics , Retinoblastoma/epidemiology , Retinoblastoma/genetics , Social Class , United Kingdom/epidemiology
10.
Pediatr Blood Cancer ; 53(1): 28-32, 2009 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19343797

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Wilms tumour is an embryonal malignant tumour that accounts for 90% of childhood kidney cancers. Parental occupational exposure has been hypothesised to be a cause of childhood Wilms tumour, in particular exposure to pesticides. However, the findings are inconsistent. PROCEDURE: We have examined the association between paternal occupational exposures and Wilms tumour using birth registration data for cases (n = 2568) from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and matched controls (n = 2,568) drawn from the general population of Great Britain. Paternal occupation, as recorded at the time of birth, was used to infer "occupational exposure" using a previously defined occupational exposure classification scheme. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using conditional logistic regression with exact methods to estimate the association between each paternal occupational exposure group and childhood Wilms tumour. RESULTS: All odds ratios were close to 1.00 and no statistically significant associations were observed. CONCLUSION: The results of this study failed to support any of the previously identified associations between paternal occupation and childhood Wilms tumour.


Subject(s)
Kidney Neoplasms/epidemiology , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Occupations/classification , Paternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology , Wilms Tumor/epidemiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Odds Ratio , Pregnancy , Registries , Risk Assessment , Social Class , United Kingdom/epidemiology
11.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 61(1): 143-6, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16855542

ABSTRACT

Indices of plasma hypertonicity, elevated plasma concentrations of solutes that draw fluid out of cells by osmosis, are needed to pursue hypertonicity as a possible risk factor for obesity and chronic disease. This paper proposes a new index that may be more sensitive to mild hypertonicity in vivo at a point in time than traditional measures. The index compares mean corpuscular volume (MCV) estimates from diluted (in solution by automated cell counter) and nondiluted blood (calculated from manual hematocrit, MCV=Hct/RBC*10(6)). A larger Auto vs Manual MCV (>2 fl) in vitro indicates hypertonicity in vivo if the cell counter diluent is isotonic with the threshold for plasma vasopressin (PVP) release and PVP is detectable in plasma (>0.5 pg/ml). To evaluate this principle of concept, hypertonicity was induced by 24-h fluid restriction after a 20 ml/kg water load in four healthy men (20-46 years). Unlike serum and urine indices, the MCV difference-&-PVP index detected hypertonicity in all participants.


Subject(s)
Dehydration/diagnosis , Drinking , Erythrocyte Indices , Hematocrit , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/metabolism , Osmolar Concentration , Risk Factors
12.
J Nutr ; 134(10): 2729-32, 2004 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15465774

ABSTRACT

It is rapidly becoming possible to measure hundreds or thousands of metabolites in small samples of biological fluids or tissues. This makes it possible to assess the metabolic component of nutritional phenotypes and will allow individualized dietary recommendations. ASNS has to take action to ensure that appropriate technologies are developed and that metabolic databases are constructed with the right inputs and organization. The relations between diet and metabolomic profiles and between those profiles and health and disease must be established. ASNS also should consider the social implications of these advances and plan for their appropriate utilization.


Subject(s)
Metabolism , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Societies, Medical , Animals , Databases, Factual , Humans , United States
13.
Food Nutr Bull ; 24(2): 224-30, 2003 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12891827

ABSTRACT

Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) is indigenous to Vietnam and other countries in Southeast Asia. Its seed pulp contains high concentrations of carotenoids, especially the provitamin A, beta-carotene. In northern Vietnam, gac fruits are seasonal and are mainly used in making a rice dish called xoi gac. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to collect and preserve gac fruit oil, to evaluate the nutritional composition of the oil, and to assess the acceptability of the gac oil by typical Vietnamese homemakers. One hundred women participated in training to learn how to prepare the fruits and operate the oil press. The women also participated in a survey of gac fruit use and their habitual use of animal fat and vegetable oil. Among all the participants in the training and surveys, 35 women actually produced oil from gac fruits grown in the village, using manual oil presses and locally available materials. The total carotene concentration in gac fruit oil was 5,700 micrograms/ml. The concentration of beta-carotene was 2,710 micrograms/ml. Sixty-nine percent of total fat was unsaturated, and 35% of that was polyunsaturated. The average daily consumption of gac fruit oil was estimated at 2 ml per person. The daily beta-carotene intake (from gac fruit oil) averaged approximately 5 mg per person. It was found that gac oil can be produced locally by village women using manual presses and locally available materials. The oil is a rich source of beta-carotene, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids. Although the beta-carotene concentration declines with time without a preservative or proper storage, it was still high after three months. The oil was readily accepted by the women and their children, and consumption of the oil increased the intake of beta-carotene and reduced the intake of lard.


Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Essential/administration & dosage , Fruit , Momordica , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , beta Carotene/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Child, Preschool , Fatty Acids, Essential/analysis , Female , Food Preservation/methods , Fruit/chemistry , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Momordica/chemistry , Nutritive Value , Plant Oils/chemistry , Seasons , Time Factors , Vietnam , beta Carotene/analysis
14.
Muscle Nerve ; 24(11): 1489-95, 2001 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11745951

ABSTRACT

Antidromic sensory nerve action potential testing is well characterized and commonly used to assess the sensory component of the upper limb median and ulnar nerves. The final terminal segments of these nerves are the proper digital nerves. Ring recording electrodes are commonly used to detect the proper digital nerves' antidromic responses. Attempts to record the separate contributions of individual digital nerves along the lateral aspects of each finger, using small surface electrodes, is shown to be unreliable for determining the integrity of a single terminal digital branch. We found between 50% to 77% of the stimulated terminal branch's response amplitude when recorded at electrodes positioned over the nonstimulated branch located 180 degrees from the activated terminal branch. Detecting a single terminal nerve response was achieved by using the fourth digit and the second digit with one of the second digit's branches neurophysiologically blocked by local anesthetic. The volume-conducted response from the opposite side of the finger resulted in this relatively large recorded response, which remains within the range of reference values precluding the simple use of antidromic techniques to assess injury to a single proper digital nerve. Techniques are proposed to avoid such pitfalls and to assess most accurately the desired response.


Subject(s)
Action Potentials/physiology , Fingers/innervation , Median Nerve/physiology , Ulnar Nerve/physiology , Adult , Electric Stimulation , Female , Humans , Male , Median Nerve/cytology , Middle Aged , Nerve Block , Neurons, Afferent/physiology , Ulnar Nerve/cytology
15.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 20(12): 1124-31, 2001 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11740317

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) administered to relatively asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic HIV-infected children and non-HIV-infected children. METHODS: Twenty-five non-HIV and 24 HIV-infected children (CDC Class N or A1,2) were enrolled into this double blind, placebo-controlled study. Children were randomized within each HIV status group to one of two dosing regimens: Regimen 1, Dose 1 = LAIV, Dose 2 = placebo, Dose 3 = LAIV; or Regimen 2, Dose 1 = placebo, Dose 2 = LAIV, Dose 3 = LAIV. Study doses were separated by 28 to 35 days. Reactogenicity events within 10 days and adverse events within 28 to 35 days after each study dose were recorded. Blood HIV RNA concentrations, CD4 counts and CD4% were measured throughout the study on HIV-infected children. Quantitative influenza cultures were performed on nasal aspirates collected periodically from all children up to 28 to 35 days after each study dose. Influenza isolates were assessed for retention of the temperature-sensitive phenotype. Serum influenza HAI antibodies were measured before and after each LAIV vaccination. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in rates of reactogenicity events and vaccine-related adverse events after placebo or the first dose of LAIV within each HIV status group, nor were differences found between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children after each dose of LAIV. Overall none of the HIV-infected children experienced a significant LAIV-related serious adverse event or influenza-like illness, making the one sided 95% CI of such a serious event occurring after LAIV 0 to 12%. No significant changes in geometric mean HIV RNA concentrations, CD4 counts or CD4% or prolonged or increased quantity of LAIV virus shedding occurred in HIV-infected children after receiving either dose of LAIV. All recovered influenza isolates retained the temperature-sensitive phenotype. After two doses of LAIV, 83% of the non-HIV-infected and 77% of the HIV-infected children had a > or = 4-fold rise in influenza antibody to at least one of the three LAIV strains. CONCLUSION: If relatively healthy HIV-infected children become exposed to LAIV inadvertently, then serious adverse outcomes would not be expected to occur frequently.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Vaccination , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cold Temperature , Double-Blind Method , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/physiology , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Infant , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza B virus/immunology , Influenza B virus/isolation & purification , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Virus Shedding
16.
Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol ; 41(6): 377-82, 2001 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11680862

ABSTRACT

Two cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with Riche-Cannieu anomalies are reported. Despite complete absence of a median nerve evoked compound muscle action potential from the thenar eminence, these patients had significant preservation of function and minimal muscle atrophy. Activation of the ulnar nerve at both the wrist and elbow generated easily obtainable compound muscle action potentials from the thenar eminence with initial negative onset. This observed preservation of function and electrophysiologic responses are best explained by the presence of a Riche-Cannieu anastomosis innervating the thenar eminence through branches from ulnar nerve. To our knowledge there has not been a report of similar cases in patients with profound carpal tunnel syndrome and a Riche-Cannieu anomaly. We review the clinical findings, the electrodiagnostic data, and the impact of a Riche-Cannieu anastomosis on advanced carpal tunnel syndrome.


Subject(s)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/diagnosis , Median Nerve/physiopathology , Motor Neurons/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Thumb/innervation , Ulnar Nerve/physiopathology , Adult , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Electromyography , Female , Humans , Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis , Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology , Reference Values , Synaptic Transmission/physiology
17.
Science ; 293(5536): 1777-9, 2001 Sep 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11546858
18.
J Nutr ; 131(9): 2288-94, 2001 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11533268

ABSTRACT

Previous studies suggest that rapidly exchanging zinc pools (EZP), thought to supply the zinc required by tissues, are smaller and turn over more rapidly in individuals with lower zinc intakes. We studied the effects of low dietary zinc (4.6 mg/d) on EZP mass and turnover in seven healthy men confined during a 20-wk clinical study. Supplements of 9.1 mg zinc were given during the 5-wk baseline and repletion periods, and placebos were given during a 10-wk zinc-restriction period. Stable 70Zn tracers were administered intravenously at the end of baseline, 3 and 10 wk after the start of zinc restriction and at the end of repletion. Multiple plasma samples were collected over an 8-d period after tracer administration. 70Zn:66Zn ratios were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and tracer-tracee data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. Activities of the zinc-dependent enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and 5'nucleotidase, were unchanged during the study. There were no significant changes in EZP masses or kinetic parameters. A three-compartment model indicated that the masses of plasma zinc and total EZP averaged 3.25 +/- 0.58 and 147.8 +/- 33.2 mg, respectively, at the four time points studied. Plasma zinc mass turned over at an average of 5.3 times per hour. There was an 11% reduction (P = 0.06) in plasma zinc flux 3 wk after the start of the low zinc diet period, but it returned to baseline values after 10 wk of zinc restriction. The results suggest that total EZP mass is maintained when dietary zinc is reduced to 4.6 mg/d over a 10-wk period.


Subject(s)
Diet , Zinc/administration & dosage , Zinc/metabolism , Adult , Health Status , Humans , Kinetics , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Reference Values , Zinc/blood
19.
Environ Health Perspect ; 109(7): 675-80, 2001 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11485865

ABSTRACT

The nonsteroidal estrogenic compound bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and resins. BPA may be ingested by humans as it reportedly leaches from the lining of tin cans into foods, from dental sealants into saliva, and from polycarbonate bottles into their contents. Because BPA is weakly estrogenic--approximately 10,000-fold less potent than 17beta-estradiol--current environmental exposure levels have been considered orders of magnitude below the dose required for adverse effects on health. Herein we demonstrate measurable effects on the offspring of Sprague-Dawley female rats that were exposed, via their drinking water, to approximately 0.1 mg BPA/kg body weight (bw)/day (low dose) or 1.2 mg BPA/kg bw/day (high dose) from day 6 of pregnancy through the period of lactation. Offspring exposed to BPA exhibited an increase in body weight that was apparent soon after birth and continued into adulthood. In addition, female offspring exposed perinatally to the high dose of BPA exhibited altered patterns of estrous cyclicity and decreased levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in adulthood. Administration of neither the doses of BPA that caused effects during perinatal exposure nor a 10-fold higher dose was able to evoke a uterotropic response in ovariectomized postpubertal females. These data indicate an increased sensitivity to BPA during the perinatal period and suggest the need for careful evaluation of the current levels of exposure to this compound.


Subject(s)
Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Estrus/drug effects , Phenols/adverse effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Administration, Oral , Animals , Benzhydryl Compounds , Body Weight/drug effects , Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Estrus/physiology , Female , Lactation , Male , Ovariectomy , Ovary/drug effects , Ovary/physiology , Phenols/administration & dosage , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
20.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 74(1): 116-24, 2001 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11451726

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Zinc homeostasis and normal plasma zinc concentrations are maintained over a wide range of intakes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify the homeostatic response to severe zinc depletion by using compartmental analysis. DESIGN: Stable zinc isotope tracers were administered intravenously to 5 men at baseline (12.2 mg dietary Zn/d) and after 5 wk of acute zinc depletion (0.23 mg/d). Compartmental modeling of zinc metabolism was performed by using tracer and mass data in plasma, urine, and feces collected over 6-14 d. RESULTS: The plasma zinc concentration fell 65% on average after 5 wk of zinc depletion. The model predicted that fractional zinc absorption increased from 26% to essentially 100%. The rate constants for zinc excretion in the urine and gastrointestinal tract decreased 96% and 74%, respectively. The rate constants describing the distribution kinetics of plasma zinc did not change significantly. When zinc depletion was simulated by using an average mass model of zinc metabolism at baseline, the only change that accounted for the observed fall in plasma zinc concentration was a 60% reduction in the rate constant for zinc release from the most slowly turning over zinc pool. The large changes in zinc intake, excretion, and absorption-even when considered together-only explained modest reductions in plasma zinc mass. CONCLUSION: The kinetic analysis with a compartmental model suggests that the profound decrease in plasma zinc concentrations after 5 wk of severe zinc depletion was mainly due to a decrease in the rate of zinc release from the most slowly turning over body zinc pool.


Subject(s)
Models, Biological , Zinc/metabolism , Adult , Feces/chemistry , Homeostasis , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Kinetics , Male , Zinc/blood , Zinc/urine , Zinc Isotopes
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