ABSTRACT
Environmental surveillance for poliovirus is increasingly used in poliovirus eradication efforts as a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Environmental surveillance was officially established in 2017 in Senegal, where no poliovirus had been detected since 2010. We tested sewage samples from 2 sites in Dakar monthly for polioviruses. We identified a vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 on January 19, 2021, from a sample collected on December 24, 2020; by December 31, 2021, we had detected 70 vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 isolates circulating in 7 of 14 regions in Senegal. Sources included 18 AFP cases, 20 direct contacts, 17 contacts in the community, and 15 sewage samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of 2 clusters and provided evidence on the virus introduction from Guinea. Because novel oral polio vaccine serotype 2 was used for response activities throughout Senegal, we recommend expanding environmental surveillance into other regions.
Subject(s)
Poliomyelitis , Poliovirus , Humans , Environmental Monitoring , Phylogeny , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliovirus/genetics , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Senegal/epidemiology , Serogroup , SewageABSTRACT
In addition to emerging coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), there are seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs): HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. With a wide distribution around the world, HCoVs are usually associated with mild respiratory disease. In the elderly, young children and immunocompromised patients, more severe or even fatal respiratory infections may be observed. In Africa, data on seasonal HCoV are scarce. This retrospective study investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of seasonal HCoVs during nine consecutive years of influenza-like illness surveillance in Senegal. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from ILI outpatients or from SARI hospitalized patients. HCoVs were diagnosed by qRT-PCR and the positive samples were selected for molecular characterization. Among 9337 samples tested for HCoV, 406 (4.3%) were positive: 235 (57.9%) OC43, 102 (25.1%) NL63, 58 (14.3%) 229E and 17 (4.2%) HKU1. The four types circulated during the study period and a peak was noted between November and January. Children under five were the most affected. Co-infections were observed between HCoV types (1.2%) or with other viruses (76.1%). Genetically, HCoVs types showed diversity. The results highlighted that the impact of HCoVs must be taken into account in public health; monitoring them is therefore particularly necessary both in the most sensitive populations and in animals.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Coronavirus OC43, Human , Influenza, Human , Pneumonia , Respiratory Tract Infections , Child , Humans , Child, Preschool , Aged , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Senegal/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Coronavirus OC43, Human/geneticsABSTRACT
We tested for enterovirus D68 in fecal samples collected during June-September 2016 from 567 patients with acute flaccid paralysis in 7 West Africa nations. Children <5 years old comprised 64.3% of enterovirus D68 positive patients. Our findings emphasize the need for active surveillance for acute flaccid myelitis.
Subject(s)
Enterovirus D, Human , Enterovirus Infections , Enterovirus , Myelitis , Africa, Western , Central Nervous System Viral Diseases , Child , Child, Preschool , Enterovirus D, Human/genetics , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Neuromuscular Diseases , Paralysis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Following the 2014 outbreak, active surveillance of the EV-D68 has been implemented in many countries worldwide. Despite subsequent EV-D68 outbreaks (2014 and 2016) reported in many areas, EV-D68 circulation remains largely unexplored in Africa except in Senegal, where low levels of EV-D68 circulation were first noted during the 2014 outbreak. Here we investigate subsequent epidemiology of EV-D68 in Senegal from June to September 2016 by screening respiratory specimens from ILI and stool from AFP surveillance. EV-D68 was detected in 7.4% (44/596) of patients; 40 with ILI and 4 with AFP. EV-D68 detection was significantly more common in children under 5 years (56.8%, p = 0.016). All EV-D68 strains detected belonged to the newly defined subclade B3. This study provides the first evidence of EV-D68 B3 subclade circulation in Africa from patients with ILI and AFP during a 2016 outbreak in Senegal. Enhanced surveillance of EV-D68 is needed to better understand the epidemiology of EV-D68 in Africa.
Subject(s)
Enterovirus D, Human/pathogenicity , Enterovirus Infections/virology , Influenza, Human/virology , Paralysis/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Outbreaks , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Epidemiology/methods , Paralysis/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Senegal/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/virology , Young AdultABSTRACT
To retrospectively investigate enterovirus D68 circulation in Senegal during the 2014 US outbreak, we retrieved specimens from 708 persons, mostly children, who had acute respiratory symptoms during September-December 2014. Enterovirus D68 was detected in 14 children (2.1%); most cases occurred in October. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all strains clustered within subclade A1.
