[Efficiency of iodine and selenium enriched drinking water use to prevent deficiency states in population of the Altai Territory].

Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that there is an association between the quality of drinking water and human health. The Altai Territory is a biogeochemical province characterized by deficiency of many trace elements, including iodine and selenium. The measures implemented in organized children's collectives to prevent iodine- and selenium-enriched deficiency states, by providing the supply of drinking waters enriched with iodine and selenium, have demonstrated a more marked effect in preventing iodine deficiency states than that of the water corrected only for the iodine composition.

[A cause of the abnormal properties of melt water].

The physicochemical properties and crystal structure of melt water were studied. Melt water was found to be in the active metastable state with the non-equilibrium concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl. The biological activity of such water is accounted for by its small sizes of supramolecular complexes. Films of structural formations were first obtained and their acoustic emission in the homogeneous medium recorded.

[Analytical control of organic impurities in the drinking and bottled water after its contact with a pack and filters made from polymer materials].

The paper provides the results of gas chromatographic analysis of organic impurities in the drinking water after its contact with various packs and filters made from polymer materials. Vapor-phase analysis in combination with selective gas chromatographic detectors was used to determine volatile substances and liquid extraction in combination with chromatographic mass-spectrometry was employed to identify high-boiling compounds. The release sources of toxic compounds from materials to water, the taste and odor of which is affected by them were studied.

[Cryophysical method for estimating the content of structured-phase water].

The paper provides evidence for the principle of calculating the content of water bound states from the quantity of gases evolved during a cryophysical process. A cryophysical procedure has been developed to estimate the degree of water structuredness, by calculating the index from the mean values and spatial variance characteristics.

[Important problems of high quality drinking water supply, and the ways of their solution].

The article covers the results of experimental and natural studies concerning important directions in the field of drinking water supply, including such aspects as: research into and classification of the barrier role of conventional and prospective technologies of water preparation in terms of chemical and biological pollution; revision of the standards of drinking water quality control in accordance with international documents; the main aspects of revision of the general conception of high quality water supply, within which hygienic requirements concerning the quality of prepackaged waters and the ranking of different techniques of water preparation used in water purification units, have been developed for the first time. The authors present the results of experimental studies on the patterns of disinfection, purification, and conditioning of drinking water quality using energetic- and-information technologies of water preparation.

[Impact of iodination on the total mutagenic activity of chlorinated tap water].

The impact of iodination on the total mutagenic activity (TMA) of chlorinated tap water was studied. Iodination was made, by using iodine in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg/l on an experimental unit at pH 7.3-7.5 for 30 min. Organic water pollutants were concentrated, by using the polymer sorbent Separon SE. The mutagenic activity of water concentrates was evaluated in the Ames test using the strains Salmonella TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and in the absence of the metabolic activation system. Iodination substantially reduced the TMA of chlorinated tap water. The minimally effective dose of iodine against the TMA of chlorinated tap water was 1 mg/l, as evidenced by the tests using all the strains/variants and 0.5 mg/l, as shown by the tests using the strain TA 100 in the variant without metabolic activation.

[Structural and functional assessment of the body's status after consumption of the waters treated with various technologies].

The use of waters treated by different technologies was studied in animals and volunteers. Rats were used to study the use of the immunomodulated water "Renorm" alone and in combination with ozone-sorption treated Moscow tap water in a dilution of 1:10, that of the bottled water "Grander" (Austria) in combination with ozone-sorption treated Moscow tap water in a dilution of 1: 4 or 1:40; that of the water prepared by the Grander technology through a shower device when, after ozone-sorption purification, Moscow tap water was passed through a Grander shower device at a rate of 1 liter per min or 500 ml per 30 sec; that of the water electrochemically treated by an Izumrud (Emerald) installation. Moscow tap water served as a control for all waters and was Moscow dechlorinated water after ozone-sorption purification, by passing Moscow tap water from a tap into a 3-liter vessel through a household ozone device for 5 min and then passing it through a household coal filter (500 ml). "Troitsa" water also served as a control for Renorm water and as the basis for the water physically treated. The nasal and oral cytological status was followed up in different periods (before and a month after water use and 1, 2, and 6 months following a monthly use) in different groups of volunteers: control and placebo groups, and in the groups of the examinees after using the waters treated by energy-informational technologies (Renorm), and by the Grander technology. Experimental studies have revealed that the consumption of the waters in question not merely fails to cause negative changes in the viscera, but also improves a number of structural and functional indices and, in the volunteers, the use of the waters treated by the energy-informational technologies enhances the protective function of tissue barriers, such as the mucosae of the nose and mouth, by diminishing inflammatory reactions in these organs. Thus, both field and experimental studies have demonstrated that the use of the waters treated by different technologies results in structural and functional improvements.

[Combined use of active chlorine and coagulants for drinking water purification and disinfection]. / Sovmestnoe primenenie aktivnogo khlora i koaguliantov dlia ochistki i obezzarazhivaniia pit'evoi vody.

The authors made an experimental study of the efficiency of water purification procedures based on the combined use of active chlorine and coagulants and hygienically evaluated the procedures. The study included the evaluation of water disinfection with various coagulants and active chlorine; the investigation of the processes of production of deleterious organic chlorine compounds; the assessment of the quality of water after its treatment. The coagulants representing aluminum polyoxychloride: RAX-10 (AQUA-AURATE 10) and RAX-18 (AQUA-AURATE 18), and aluminum sulfate, technically pure grade were tested. The treatment of river water with the coagulants RAX-10 and RAX-18, followed by precipitation, filtration, and chlorination under laboratory conditions, was shown to result in water disinfection to the levels complying with the requirements described in SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. RAX-18 showed the best disinfecting activity against total and heat-tolerant coliform bacteria, but also to the highly chlorine-resistant microrganisms--the spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia, phages, and viruses. Since the coagulants have an increased sorptive capacity relative to humus and other organic substances, substitution of primary chlorination for coagulant treatment may induce a reduction in the risk of formation of oncogenically and mutagenically hazardous chlorinated hydrocarbons.

["Copy-pair" model for calculating the effect of the water factor on the health status of residents in an epidemiological study]. / Modeli "kopiia-para" dlia vychleneniia vliianiia vodnogo faktora na sostoianie zdorov'ia naseleniia v épidemiologicheskom issledovanii.

The paper presents the results of testing 4 main models of copy-pair examinations in some cities and towns of the country, which have been recommended for singling out the influence of a water factor on human health in epidemiological surveys. A locality with varying water supply (drinking water quality) in its different parts is shown to be methodologically the best model.

[Sanitary and technological solutions of the elimination of iodine deficiency by iodination of drinking water]. / Gigienicheskie i tekhnologicheskie resheniia problemy ustraneniia iodnogo defitsita putem iodirovaniia pit'evoi vody.

Comprehensive studies of the sanitary standards provided research evidence for the maximum allowable concentrations of iodine in the drinking water by taking into account its daily allowances dose and the formation of transformation by-products due to iodine disinfection, drinking water preservation, and iodine deficiency prevention in the endemic areas. Techniques of water iodination have been devised and tested in the experimental and industrial setting, including those for packaging drinking water, as well as those by using portable water purifiers based on highly effective iodine-selective adsorptive compounds which make it possible to solve the task of administering iodine dosages into the water (with allowances born in mind), under domestic conditions as well.

[Caries and fluorine: role of water factor, problems and solutions]. / Karies i ftor: rol' vodnogo faktora, problemy i resheniia.

The epidemiological studies of the severity and spread of caries of deciduous and permanent teeth in Moscow schoolchildren (n = > 20,000) aged 7-17 years in relation to the content of fluoride in the drinking water, to the use of fluorine-containing tablets and varnishes have provided evidence for the high efficiency of drinking water fluorination for the primary prevention of caries as compared with other preventive alternatives. Based on sanitary studies, two main lines are now under way in solving the problem connected with low dietary fluoride intake: the introduction of routine water-purifying fluorine generators (based on a new technology of fluorination of limited water volumes for drinking and cooking) and the setting-up of plants manufacturing bottled drinking waters containing the optimum or higher fluorine levels for provision of different population groups, primarily children and pregnant women in particular.