Evaluation of serum biomarkers IL-17 and CTX for BRONJ: a pilot clinical case-control study.

A serious complication of bisphosphonate (BP) therapy is BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Currently, no biomarkers exist to identify patients at risk. We evaluated whether interleukin-17 and C-telopeptide correlate with BRONJ development. We conducted a case-control study using patients with a history of BP therapy. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Student's t-test were done. Both markers were significantly higher in BRONJ, suggesting altered immune responses and bone remodeling may play roles in BRONJ development.

Dissecting amelogenin protein nanospheres: characterization of metastable oligomers.

Amelogenin self-assembles to form an extracellular protein matrix, which serves as a template for the continuously growing enamel apatite crystals. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanism of amelogenin nanosphere formation, we manipulated the interactions between amelogenin monomers by altering pH, temperature, and protein concentration to create isolated metastable amelogenin oligomers. Recombinant porcine amelogenins (rP172 and rP148) and three different mutants containing only a single tryptophan (Trp(161), Trp(45), and Trp(25)) were used. Dynamic light scattering and fluorescence studies demonstrated that oligomers were metastable and in constant equilibrium with monomers. Stable oligomers with an average hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of 7.5 nm were observed at pH 5.5 between 4 and 10 mg · ml(-1). We did not find any evidence of a significant increase in folding upon self-association of the monomers into oligomers, indicating that they are disordered. Fluorescence experiments with single tryptophan amelogenins revealed that upon oligomerization the C terminus of amelogenin (around residue Trp(161)) is exposed at the surface of the oligomers, whereas the N-terminal region around Trp(25) and Trp(45) is involved in protein-protein interaction. The truncated rP148 formed similar but smaller oligomers, suggesting that the C terminus is not critical for amelogenin oligomerization. We propose a model for nanosphere formation via oligomers, and we predict that nanospheres will break up to form oligomers in mildly acidic environments via histidine protonation. We further suggest that oligomeric structures might be functional components during maturation of enamel apatite.