Subject(s)
Lassa virus , RNA Viruses , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies, Viral , Blood/microbiology , Child, Preschool , Complement Fixation Tests , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Female , Humans , Immunization, Passive , Lassa virus/immunology , Lassa virus/isolation & purification , Leukocyte Count , Male , Pharynx/microbiology , Pleural Effusion/microbiology , Sierra Leone , Urine/microbiology , Virus Diseases/immunology , Virus Diseases/microbiologySubject(s)
Enterovirus Infections/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Nervous System Diseases/veterinary , Adenoviridae/isolation & purification , Animals , Brain/microbiology , Coma/epidemiology , Coma/veterinary , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Enterovirus Infections/microbiology , Haplorhini , Herpesviridae/isolation & purification , Kidney/microbiology , Lung/microbiology , Macaca , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/microbiology , Myocarditis/veterinary , Paralysis/epidemiology , Paralysis/veterinary , Seizures/epidemiology , Seizures/veterinary , Spleen/microbiology , Virus CultivationSubject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/epidemiology , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Abortion, Spontaneous , Adult , Age Factors , Complement Fixation Tests , Female , Hospital Units , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Newborn, Diseases , Lassa virus/immunology , Lassa virus/isolation & purification , Liberia , Middle Aged , Nursing Staff, Hospital , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Virus Diseases/immunology , Virus Diseases/mortalityABSTRACT
Assay methods for hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) were evaluated for sensitivity, or reproducibility, or both in a series of three trials in which both research and service-oriented laboratories participated. Agar-gel diffusion (AGD) methods were found to be the least sensitive and reproducible of the commonly employed assay methods. Complement fixation (CF) tests were consistently more sensitive than either AGD or counterelectrophoresis (CEP) methods for detection of HAA. With judicious choice of the antibody reagent, sensitivity of CEP techniques was equivalent to CF methods of HAA detection. None of the three major assay methods (AGD, CEP, or CF) compared in this study were capable of consistently detecting HAA when it was present in relatively low concentrations in human serum.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Agar , Animals , Complement Fixation Tests , Electrophoresis , Evaluation Studies as Topic , False Positive Reactions , Guinea Pigs/immunology , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Hepatitis B Antigens/analysis , Humans , Immune Sera , Immunodiffusion , Laboratories , Methods , RadioimmunoassayABSTRACT
Capsid, envelope, and nonvirion-associated soluble components of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV) were obtained from infected monolayer cell cultures and used as complement fixation (CF) antigens. Capsids were prepared by treatment of cells with the nonionic detergent Nonidet-P40, envelope material by treatment of virions with ether and high pH, and soluble components were obtained from culture fluids of untreated cells. Serological studies with experimental anti-herpesvirus sera indicate that these serotypes share cross-reacting envelope, capsid, and soluble antigens with each other and with herpesvirus B but not with varicella virus. In addition, animals immunized with crude HSV preparations contain high levels of CF antibody (1:32 to 1:64) to soluble antigens, whereas sera from humans who have experienced natural infection contain low levels of antibody (=1:8) to this antigen. Further testing with reference, capsid, and envelope antigens indicates that antibody levels to reference and capsid antigens are about the same in sera from healthy humans, whereas antibody to the envelope is decidedly lower in these sera. Herpes convalescent-phase sera contain higher levels of antibody to reference and envelope antigens than to capsid antigen.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral , Simplexvirus/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification , Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification , Complement Fixation Tests , Epitopes , Guinea Pigs/immunology , Humans , Microscopy, Electron , Rabbits/immunology , Simplexvirus/growth & development , Solubility , UltracentrifugationSubject(s)
RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Virus Diseases/microbiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Cell Line/microbiology , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Disease Outbreaks , Guinea-Bissau , Haplorhini , Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/microbiology , Humans , Kidney , Mice , Neutralization Tests , Nigeria , RNA Viruses/classification , RNA Viruses/immunology , Serotyping , Virus Cultivation , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , WeaningABSTRACT
In the liver tissue of newborn mice, xanthine oxidase activity is very low during the first 7 to 14 days of life. Infection of mice with several different viruses prematurely induced xanthine oxidase activity 2- to 10-fold in the liver tissue. Generally, overt signs of illness appeared after xanthine oxidase induction; however, some viruses induced the enzyme activity without causing morbidity or deaths. The elevated enzyme activity could not be correlated with alteration of either lactate dehydrogenase or glutamate-pyruvate transaminase. Likewise, there were no histological changes in the livers of infected animals when xanthine oxidase levels were abnormally elevated. These observations suggest that measurement of xanthine oxidase may be an effective method for the detection of subclinical or inapparent viral infections in either naturally infected newborn mice or in newborn mice inoculated with suspected virus-containing materials.
Subject(s)
Arbovirus Infections/microbiology , Laboratory Infection/microbiology , Monkey Diseases/microbiology , Africa , Animals , Antibodies , Arbovirus Infections/immunology , Arboviruses/isolation & purification , Chick Embryo , Cricetinae , Culture Techniques , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Germany, West , Guinea Pigs , Haplorhini , Humans , Inclusion Bodies, Viral , Kidney/pathology , Laboratory Infection/pathology , Liver/pathology , Lymphatic System/pathology , Male , Mice , Microscopy, Electron , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Plasma Cells , United States , YugoslaviaSubject(s)
Poxviridae/classification , Animals , Autoradiography , Complement Fixation Tests , Culture Techniques , Ectromelia virus/classification , Ectromelia virus/metabolism , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Mice , Microscopy, Electron , Neutralization Tests , Poxviridae/cytology , Poxviridae/immunology , Poxviridae/metabolism , Thymidine/metabolism , Vaccinia virus/metabolismABSTRACT
An infectious agent obtained from patients who became ill after exposure to tissues of African green monkeys is viral in character. By electron microscopy, the agent appeared cylindrical, 90 to 100 nanometers in diameter, and 130 to 2600 nanometers in length. Cross-striations at 5-nanometer intervals and a core diameter of 45 nanometers were observed. The agent was completely resistant to the effects of the metabolic inhibitor 5-bromodeoxyuridine, which may mean that RNA is the genetic material. It was sensitive to ether and relatively sensitive to destruction by heat.