ABSTRACT
For the first time energy consumption was studied in preschool children at varying activity during 24 hours. It has been established that the main metabolism and energy consumption significantly depend on the physical development of children and do not depend on sex. Basing on the data of the investigations conducted the main food substances and energy requirements of preschool children have been estimated.
Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism , Body Weight/physiology , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Physical Exertion/physiology , Posture/physiology , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Ninety children with varying renal diseases were under observation. The investigations conducted have shown that disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism depend on the type, activity of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and etiology of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Significant disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism were detected in patients with nephrotic and mixed types of CGN. Most manifest clinical and x-ray changes of the osseous system were observed in patients with CRI that developed as a result of the tubulointerstitial pathologic process. Low-phosphate diets with preset amounts of Ca and P were developed, composed of products with relatively low content of P, and of new dietetic products rich in Ca. The diets were used for correction of hyperphosphatemia in children with CGN and in those with CRI, simultaneously with drug therapy, to prevent or diminish disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism, and to reduce the risk of invalidism among children with chronic renal diseases.
Subject(s)
Calcium Metabolism Disorders/metabolism , Calcium/metabolism , Kidney Diseases/metabolism , Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders/metabolism , Phosphorus/metabolism , Calcium Metabolism Disorders/diet therapy , Calcium Metabolism Disorders/etiology , Child , Chronic Disease , Glomerulonephritis/complications , Glomerulonephritis/diet therapy , Glomerulonephritis/metabolism , Humans , Kidney Diseases/complications , Kidney Diseases/diet therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Nephrotic Syndrome/complications , Nephrotic Syndrome/diet therapy , Nephrotic Syndrome/metabolism , Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders/diet therapy , Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders/etiologySubject(s)
Ascorbic Acid/urine , Vitamins/administration & dosage , Child, Preschool , Growth , Humans , Seasons , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Hyperlipidemias/diet therapy , Kidney Diseases/blood , Lipids/blood , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The time course of a number of characteristics of protein and mineral metabolism was studied in 55 children suffering from renal diseases in the stage of chronic renal insufficiency. Use was made of the diets in which protein was restricted to a varying degree relatively to azotemia severity. It was shown that the diet with protein restriction up to 1.5-1.0 g/kg bw has a pronounced antiazotemic action. Therefore, it is desirable to administer it to patients with moderate and remarkable azotemia. In stable and pronounced azotemia, it is advisable to administer the diet with a sharp restriction to protein (up to 0.65 g/kg bw).
Subject(s)
Blood Proteins/administration & dosage , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Adolescent , Child , Energy Intake , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy , Polyuria/blood , Polyuria/diet therapy , Trace Elements/bloodABSTRACT
Variations in lipid metabolism were studied in 20 children with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) associated with the nephrotic syndrome and 14 children with chronic renal insufficiency given protein deficient therapeutic diets. Suggestive abnormalities of lipid metabolism involved hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterinemia and hypertriglyceridemia (more sharply pronounced in patients with CGN associated with the nephrotic syndrome) as well as hyperlipoproteidemia, chiefly of types IY and IIB. Disproportions in lipoproteid spectra of the plasma towards increase in atherogenous beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteids are characteristic for patients of both groups but sharply pronounced in CRI. These patients also show a reduced metabolization efficacy coefficient (MEC) of essential fatty acids of food to the lipid structures of erythrocyte membranes. As a results of the treatment the lipid metabolism returned to normal in most patients with CGN and in part of the patients with CRI. In order to raise the efficacy of therapeutic diets during normalization of lipid metabolism in CRI it is recommended that the fat and carbohydrate components of the diet may be changed qualitatively with due regard for the types of hyperlipoproteidemia.
