ABSTRACT
The effects of estrogen and anti-estrogen are mediated through the estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta, which function as ligand-induced transcriptional factors. Recently, one of the phthalate esters, n-butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), has been shown to induce estrogen receptor-mediated responses. By using the truncated types of ER mutants, we revealed that activation function-1 (AF-1) activity was necessary for the BBP-dependent transactivation function of ERalpha. AF-1 is also known to be responsible for the partial agonistic activity of tamoxifen. Whereas tamoxifen exhibits an anti-estrogenic effect on proliferation of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, BBP showed an estrogenic effect on MCF-7 to stimulate proliferation. In vivo and in vitro binding assays revealed that whereas 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) induced binding of ERalpha to both an AF-1 coactivator complex (p68/p72 and p300) and corepressor complexes (N-CoR/SMRT), BBP selectively enhanced the binding to the AF-1 coactivators. We also showed that the transcriptional activity of OHT-bound ERalpha was modulated by the ratio between the AF-1 coactivator and corepressor complexes. Expression of a dominant-negative type of N-CoR inhibited the interaction between OHT-bound ERalpha and N-CoR/SMRT and enhanced the transcriptional activity of OHT-bound ERalpha. Furthermore, the cell growth of MCF-7 stably expressing the dominant-negative type of N-CoR was enhanced by the addition of OHT. These results indicated that fully activated AF-1 induces the stimulation of breast cancer growth and that the ratio between AF-1 coactivators and corepressors plays a key role to prevent proliferation of tumor by tamoxifen.
