[The Indices of Morbidity of Main Socially Significant Noninfectious Diseases of Population of the Republic of Tatarstan].

Socially significant diseases cause enormous damage to entire modern society and require higher expenses for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. The most studied socially significant diseases include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, alcoholism, and oncologic diseases. The study purpose is to assess incidence of major socially significant diseases, including malignant nephropathy, mental disorders and alcoholism in the Republic of Tatarstan during 1997-2017. The discussion. According to the analysis results, there was gradual increasing of incidence of malignant necrosis in the Republic of Tatarstan during the analyzed period i.e. from 240.5 cases to 412.9 cases per 100 thousand of population. The incidence of mental disorders in males was significantly higher than in females. The maximal discrepancy of indices, amounting up to 252.6 cases per 100 thousand of population, was different in 1998. The gap gradually decreased and by 2017 made up to to 62.6 cases per 100 thousand of population. The dynamics of the incidence of alcoholism characterized by increasing up to to 2001. Since 2004, gradual decreasing of indicator was in 2011-2017. The incidence of alcoholism ranged from 123.5 to 129.6 cases per 100 thousand of population. Conclusion. The decreasing in the incidence of mental disorders and alcoholism was established during study period, as well as gradual increasing of incidence of cancer in the Republic of Tatarstan.

[Evaluation of population's commitment to healthy nutrition and physical culture (by results of the questionnaire)].

One of the main tasks in implementing the foundations of state policy in the field of a healthy lifestyle of the population is the formation of optimal nutritional status and the preservation of public health. In this regard, issues of a comprehensive self-assessment of health by the population are becoming particularly relevant. The aim of the research was to identify the degree of commitment of the population to a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a balanced diet and the presence of physical activity, as well as the relationship between the respondents' lifestyle and the presence of non-communicable diseases. Material and methods. A random survey of the adult population of the Rybno-Slobodsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan has been conducted. In total, 2346 respondents aged 21 to 74 (women - 71.7%, people with higher education - 33.2%) took part in the survey. For this study, a questionnaire was developed to identify the attitude of the population to a healthy lifestyle (HLS), which included questions regarding the physical activity of respondents, their commitment to healthy eating and diet, the existence of pernicious habits (drinking, smoking), and the presence of noncommunicable diseases. In the framework of this article, two factors were analyzed: the population's commitment to a balanced diet and physical activity, as well as the relationship of these factors with the presence of non-communicable diseases among respondents. Results and discussion. Data analysis showed that 18.8% of women and 14.1% of men always adhere to healthy eating and proper diet. Women are more committed to healthy eating than men (p<0.001). Regularly (2-3 times a week), 21.4% of women and 18.1% of men are engaged in exercise (a sport or physical activity), that is only 20.6% of respondents (p<0.001). The percentage of people committed to healthy nutrition was almost equal, both in the group of those with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (19.5 and 17.4%, respectively). Among people who regularly engage in physical activity and sports (2-3 times a week), 27.5% of respondents have CVD, while among those who do not engage in exercise, 64.2% of individuals have CVD (p<0.001). Among those who adhered to a balanced diet, gastrointestinal diseases were observed in 14.1% of the respondents, while among the respondents who did not adhere to healthy eating, gastrointestinal diseases were observed in 83.7% (p<0.001). Conclusion Among respondents who adhere to healthy eating and diet and physical activity, non-communicable diseases and stress are less common (according to the respondents' answers). The results of a self-assessment (questionnaire) of public health can be used to develop targeted program of treatment and preventive measures to build community commitment in the Rybno-Slobodsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan to healthy lifestyle.

[Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes with cardiolipin in diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome].

Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes sensitized to cardiolipin antigen was studied in 172 patients with acute coronary syndrome. In this phenomenon effector cells were peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and target cells were erythrocytes loaded with cardiolipin antigen. It was found that cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes in these patients carries diagnostic information and can have supplementary value in difficult cases of diagnostics of this disease.

The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity.

The nonrecombining portion of the human Y chromosome has proven to be a valuable tool for the study of population history. The maintenance of extended haplotypes characteristic of particular geographic regions, despite extensive admixture, allows complex demographic events to be deconstructed. In this study we report the frequencies of 23 Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphism haplotypes in 1,935 men from 49 Eurasian populations, with a particular focus on Central Asia. These haplotypes reveal traces of historical migrations, and provide an insight into the earliest patterns of settlement of anatomically modern humans on the Eurasian continent. Central Asia is revealed to be an important reservoir of genetic diversity, and the source of at least three major waves of migration leading into Europe, the Americas, and India. The genetic results are interpreted in the context of Eurasian linguistic patterns.

[Effect of hypoxic hypoxia on development of atherosclerosis in rabbits]. / Vliianie gipoksicheskoi gipoksii na razvitie ateroskleroza u krolikov.

The study was aim a evaluating effects of intermittent hypoxic training on experimental atherosclerosis. In a three-month experiment rabbits (n = 12) were fed with cholesterol (200 mg/kg of the body mass) and "ascended" to the altitude of 6000 m for 6 hrs per a day. The controls (n = 10) were fed with cholesterol only. Investigated was the dynamics of a spectrum of plasmatic lipoproteids, lipid peroxidation, morphologic alterations in the aorta and mononuclear phagocytes. Intermittent hypoxia caused less evident than in the control increases in total cholesterol (20.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 33.1 +/- 1.9 mmol/l, p < 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (19.4 +/- 2.2 vs. 32.3 +/- 2.3 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Unlike the controls, there were no atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta of the experimental rabbits. Atherosclerosis was diagnosed just by tiny dot- and strip-like lipid patches smaller in size when compared with the control group in which massive diffuse lipid deposits were found. The affected aortic areas made up 13.5% in the experimental group and 65% in the control. Hypoxic training brought about activation of the antioxidant system and was propitious for functional activity and oxygen-dependent and -independent metabolism of phagocytes. Exposure to hypoxia reduced the number of lipid inclusions in monocytes (303.0 +/- 12.5% vs. 370.0 +/- 4.5% in the control, p < 0.05), prevented the dramatic inhibition of the cells observed in the animals fed with cholesterol and, eventually, blocked up formation of spumescent cells. These data infer that intermittent chamber hypoxia exerts the antiatherogenic effect on experimental atherosclerosis.

[HLA genes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kirghiz population]. / Geny kompleksa HLA u bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh v Kirgizskoí populiatsii.

The immunogenetic features of the HLA system were studied in 116 Kirghiz patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 120 apparently healthy individuals of the same nationality (a control group). HLA antigen typing was made by the routine microlymphocytotoxic test. The antigens Bw53, Bw62(15), DR2 and DR7 which should be regarded as markers of the disease were more commonly found in the HLA phenotype in Kirghiz patients with tuberculosis than in healthy individuals. The risk for tuberculosis increased in carriers having HLA haplotypes with the DR allele.

Inmunologic prognosis of acute mountain sikness / Pronóstico inmunológico del mal de montaña agudo

En las personas predipuestas al mal de montaña agudo se observan, un reducción de EHC-células formadoras de rosetas (E-RFC), células T salvadoras, la reducción de monocitos y capacidad de los neutrófilos para la adhesión, la inhibición de C3 - y receptores FC en la membrana, aumento de células O.

[Immunologic status of patients with acute altitude sickness]. / Immunnyi status bo'lnykh ostroi gornoi bolez'niu.

T- and B-cells were examined in 56 patients with acute mountain sickness exposed to 3600 m above sea level. They showed T- and B-lymphopenia, decreased PHA- and Con A-induced blast formation from T-cells, reduced content of T mu cells and increased content of T gamma and 0 cells. These changes persisted for as long as 5 months. It was demonstrated that individuals susceptible to acute mountain sickness had a lower level of E-RFC and T mu cells and a higher level of 0 cells. These characteristics seen in the baseline produced a negative effect on the adaptation process.

[The thrombocytolysis phenomenon in patients with myocardial infarct]. / Fenomen trombotsitoliza u bol'nykh infarktom miokarda.

The studies have revealed that the platelets of myocardial infarction patients are lysed when in vitro exposed to the necrotic myocardial antigen or to actomyosin proteins within this antigen, this lysis correlating with the disease clinical course. The reaction is specific. High antigen platelet lysis (greater than 14%) in the first day of myocardial infarction frequently aggravates the course of the disease. The prognosis based on this test helps single out the patients with an aggravated condition among those with myocardial infarction.

[Immunoenzyme determination of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product levels in acute myocardial infarct patients]. / Immunofermentnoe opredelenie kontsentratsii produktov degradatsii fibrin-fibrinogena u bol'nykh ostrym infarktom miokarda.

The changes in the blood level of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) have been studied in 62 patients with myocardial infarction. 30 healthy donors served as the control. FDP was determined using solid-phase immunoenzyme assay. Acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction were characterized by an increase in FDP blood level. However, in severe cases a possible low FDP blood level in conditions of fibrinolysis depression may be associated with an increased risk of severe thromboembolic complications.

[T- and B-components of immunity in acute altitude sickness]. / T- i B-zven'ia immuniteta pri ostroi gornoi bolezni.

Immunological aspects of the adaptation process were investigated in 57 male test subjects that stayed for 30 days at an altitude of 3600 m above sea level (Eastern Pamir Mountain Range). The uneventful development of adaptation was accompanied by a short-term decrease in the number and activity of T-lymphocytes. An acute mountain disease led to a distinct deficiency of T-cell immunity which still persisted on test day 30. Besides, the content of zero cells in circulating blood was increased and the blast-transformation reaction of lymphocytes to concanavalin A was inhibited. Prior to the ascent the test subjects who were susceptible to the acute mountain disease showed a lower content of T-lymphocytes and a higher content of zero cells in circulating blood.

[Cytotoxic effect of the lymphocytes in ischemic heart disease]. / Tsitotoksicheskii éffekt limfotsitov pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

Coronary patients were shown to have a pool of sensitized killer T cells that produce a cytotoxic effect on target cells loaded with infarcted and intact myocardial antigens and on actomyosin proteins, and evidence of delayed hypersensitivity developing in association with coronary disease. Two kinds of immune shifts were identified with respect to the time of onset of this effect in acute myocardial infarction: in the first case, the appropriate level was exceeded within 2-3 weeks of the disease, and in the second case, within the first days in hospital. The disease tended to take a more severe course in patients with the second type of immune response.

[Immunologic shifts at different stages of coronary disease]. / Immunnye sdvigi na raznykh étapakh koronarnoi nedostatochnosti.

Immunologic shifts and indices of nonspecific reactivity were examined in 261 coronary heart disease patients (40 patients with angina pectoris, 137 with acute myocardial infarction and 124 patients with postinfarctional cardiosclerosis). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to the infarctional antigen affecting the prognosis and the clinical course of the disease were determined in the acute, subacute and long-term periods of coronary pathology. Autoimmune reactions to the myocardial innate antigen can be detected at all stages of coronary heart disease. Myocardial infarction is also characterized by dysfunctions of individual links of nonspecific reactivity.

[Autoimmune reactions to myoglobin in myocardial infarct patients]. / Autoimmunnye reaktsii k mioglobinu u bol'nykh infarktom miokarda.

Autoimmune responses to myoglobin were studied in patients with myocardial infarction at different disease stages. It was revealed that during myocardial infarction, the clone of lymphocytes reacting with myoglobin was activated. Besides, these patients showed sensitized T lymphocytes with high cytotoxic activity, lymphotoxins and leukocyte migration inhibition factor, attesting to the development of the delayed type hypersensitivity to myoglobin. It was demonstrated that lymphotoxin assay in the blood might be of importance for differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris with a long-term painful syndrome.

Immunological changes in the organism of patients with myocardial infarction.

The study included 261 patients with myocardial infarction in whom heart antibody titre, the index of leucocyte migration and the indicator of their agglomeration with antigen from the infarction and perinfarction region were investigated. Two variants of immunological changes occurring in acute coronary disease were identified--one characteristic of a favourable course of the disease, the second characteristic of a complicated course in the acute and late periods. In patients with prior myocardial infarction, residual sensibilization is present both after discharge from the hospital and 1 to 3 years later.