Impact of anatomical liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in preventing early-phase local recurrence after surgery.

BACKGROUND: The superiority of anatomical liver resection (AR) for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over nonanatomical liver resection (NR) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AR in preventing local and early HCC recurrence. METHODS: A total of 280 patients who underwent initial liver resection for solitary HCC ≤5 cm in diameter were categorized into the AR and NR groups and compared using propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: Between the matched pairs (n = 87 in each group), the incidence rates of local and early (recurrence within 2 years after surgery) recurrences in the AR group were significantly lower than those in the NR group (13.8% vs. 28.7%, p = .025; 20.7% vs. 35.6%, p = .028, respectively). The overall survival in the AR group was better than that in the NR group (median: 13.4 vs. 7.6 years, p = .003). NR was among independent risk factors for early recurrence (odds ratio: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6, p = .023) and prognostic factors for local recurrence (hazard ratio: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.4-4.4, p = .003). CONCLUSION: AR is superior in controlling local and early recurrence postoperatively for solitary HCC ≤5 cm in diameter compared with NR.

Long-term remnant liver volume dynamics after major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma following portal vein embolization.

BACKGROUND: Portal vein embolization (PVE) followed by major hepatectomy is a common treatment strategy for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC); however, the long-term dynamics of the liver remnant volume (LRV) remain unclear. Here, we report the dynamics of the LRV in patients who underwent hepatectomy following PVE. METHODS: A total of 39 patients with PHCC who underwent right hemihepatectomy or left trisectionectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection between 2004 and 2021 were enrolled in this study [PVE (n = 27) and non-PVE (n = 12]). Long-term remnant liver dynamics were analyzed in propensity score-matched pairs (n = 10/group). RESULTS: The LRV/future liver remnant volume (FLRV) at 1 week to 1 month after hepatectomy were smaller in the PVE group than in the non-PVE group (1.53 vs. 1.69, p = .044 and 1.52 vs 1.99, p = .003, respectively). In the non-PVE group, the LRV/FLRV ratio plateaued 1-3 months postoperatively, whereas progressive hypertrophy occurred in the PVE group, and the LRV/FLRV ratio became equal in both groups at 1 year after hepatectomy (1.96 vs. 1.97; p = .799). Multivariate analysis revealed that FLRV/total liver volume (TLV) ≤ 0.43 was the only independent predictor of LRV/FLRV ≥1.9 at 1 year after hepatectomy (odds ratio:5.345, 95% confidence interval:1.210-23.615; p = .027). CONCLUSION: Although the long-term LRV was nearly equal in both groups, short-term LRV hypertrophy was lower in the PVE group than in the non-PVE group.

Association between variation in hemoglobin A1c levels and diabetes therapy-related quality of life in patients with diabetes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the association between glycemic variability and quality of life (QOL) in patients with diabetes, which has not been studied previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who were undergoing treatment at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Hospital and Kameoka City Hospital participated in the KAMOGAWA-DM study, and completed the diabetes therapy-related (DTR)-QOL questionnaire from January 2016 to July 2020 were included in this study. We used linear regression analyses to compare the association between DTR-QOL scores and glycemic variability. RESULTS: We included a total of 635 patients in this analysis. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of these patients were measured at least four times during the 9-month period, before and after answering the questionnaire. Results showed that HbA1c variability, HbA1c mean and duration of diabetes were negatively associated with the total DTR-QOL score. Conversely, the body mass index and total DTR-QOL score were positively associated with HbA1c variability. CONCLUSIONS: A small variation in HbA1c level was associated with higher total DTR-QOL scores and the scores for each factor. Reducing blood glucose variability is significant when we treat diabetes.

An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Osteopontin and S100 Calcium-binding Protein P is Useful for Subclassifying Large- and Small-duct Type Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has been newly subclassified into two different subtypes: large-duct (LD) type and small-duct (SD) type. However, many cases are difficult to subclassify, and there is no consensus regarding subclassification criteria. LD type expresses the highly sensitive diagnostic marker S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P), while SD type lacks sensitive markers. We identified osteopontin (OPN) as a highly sensitive marker for SD type. This study aimed to develop new subclassification criteria for LD-type and SD-type iCCA. We retrospectively investigated 74 patients with iCCA and subclassified them based on whole-section immunostaining of S100P and OPN. Of the 74 cases, 41 were subclassified as LD type, 32 as SD type, and one was indeterminate. Notably, all S100P-negative cases had OPN positivity. Seventy-three of the 74 cases (98.6%) were clearly and easily subclassified as LD or SD type using only these 2 markers. We also determined the value of immunohistochemistry in cases that were difficult to diagnose based on hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining. Furthermore, we analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of these 2 subtypes. LD type was a poor prognostic factor on univariate analysis; it had significantly worse overall survival ( P = 0.007) and recurrence-free survival ( P < 0.001) than the SD type. In conclusion, we propose new subclassification criteria for iCCA based on immunostaining of S100P and OPN. These criteria may help pathologists to diagnose subtypes of iCCA, supporting future clinical trials and the development of medications for these 2 subtypes as distinct cancers.

Impact of an online nutrition management application service on glycaemic management in individuals with diabetes: A propensity-score-matched retrospective cohort study.

AIMS: To assess the impact of 'Oishi Kenko', a nutrition management application (app), on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A propensity-score-matched retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study conducted between January and June 2022 in Japan. We analysed data from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, comparing users who used the Oishi Kenko app (app group) with non-users (control group) over 3 months. RESULTS: Among the 50 participants who actively used it, 47 participants in both the app and control cohorts were selected from the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort according to propensity-score matching. Within the app group, the median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) at baseline, which slightly decreased to 50 mmol/mol (6.8%) at the 3-month mark (median change 0.0%). Conversely, in the control group, the baseline HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.9%) exhibited a marginal increase of 52 mmol/mol (7.0%) after 3 months (median change 0.20%). The median HbA1c level change between the groups was statistically significant, with the app group showing a significant positive change compared with the control group (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The Oishi Kenko app effectively improved glycaemic control in patients with diabetes; hence, it may be a promising tool for patient-driven dietary management.

Associations between thyroid hormones and appendicular skeletal muscle index, and hand grip strength in people with diabetes: The KAMOGAWA-A study.

AIM: To assess the effects of thyroid hormones on appendicular skeletal muscle index (SMI) and hand grip strength (HGS) in people with diabetes. METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort included 1,135 participants with diabetes admitted to 3 hospitals in Japan. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the associations among thyroid hormone levels, SMI, and HGS. RESULTS: Of the 1,135 participants, 480 were female. Their median (interquartile range) age, body mass index, durations of diabetes, and glycated haemoglobin levels were 68 years, 24.3 kg/m2, 10 years, and 7.6 %, respectively. The median (interquartile range) SMI (kg/m2) and hand grip strength of the cohort were 7.1 kg/m2 and 28.2 kg, respectively. Positive correlations between FT3 and the FT3/FT4 ratio with SMI and HGS was observed after adjusting for covariates in males. A negative correlation was found between the FT3/FT4 ratio and sarcopenia as a result of low SMI and low HGS in the male participants but not in females (p for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: FT3/FT4 ratios may impact skeletal muscles in people with diabetes-particularly in males. Assessments of FT3/FT4 ratios may represent key indicators of muscle mass and strength in males.

Association of Elevated Serum Branched-chain Amino Acid Levels With Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle Loss.

Context: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are substrates for protein synthesis. Although their intake may contribute to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, elevated serum BCAA levels have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, potentially resulting in decreased skeletal muscle mass. Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between elevated serum BCAA levels and longitudinal skeletal muscle loss. Design and Setting: A cohort analysis was conducted, in which serum amino acids were analyzed in healthy individuals who underwent a medical health checkup at Kameoka Municipal Hospital (HOZUGAWA study), Japan. Patients: Seventy-one participants (37 men and 34 women) underwent follow-up checkups after the baseline visit. The follow-up duration was 1.2 ± .4 years. Main Outcome Measures: The relationship between fasting baseline serum BCAA levels and lifestyle factors, body composition, blood test results, dietary history, and changes in skeletal muscle mass was evaluated. Results: In both men and women, serum BCAA levels were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and serum triglycerides but inversely correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In men, fasting serum BCAA levels were inversely associated with the rate of change in SMI (adjusted ß = -.529, P = .006), and elevated BCAA levels were independently associated with a longitudinal decrease in skeletal muscle mass (odds ratio: 1.740; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-2.960 per 50 nmol/mL serum BCAAs increase). Conclusion: Increased circulating BCAAs could be an indicator of skeletal muscle loss in men.

Protocol of efficacy of bifidobacteria intake on gastrointestinal symptoms in symptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in abdominis: An open-label, randomized controlled trial (Binary STAR study).

BACKGROUND: This randomized, parallel-group study aims to investigate the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 (BBG9-1) on the symptoms of diarrhea or constipation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This study will examine 100 patients with T2DM who suffering from symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned 1:1 to two groups (group A, BBG9-1 group; group B, control group), after the baseline examination. Patients assigned to group A will receive probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration along with their current treatment for 12 weeks, and patients assigned to group B will continue the current treatment for 12 weeks without probiotic BBG9-1 oral administration. Subsequently, examinations similar to the baseline examinations will be performed. The primary endpoint will be a change in the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) total score from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints will include the following: change and percent change in parameters such as GSRS subdomain scores, fecal properties/Bristol stool form scale, defecation frequency, biomarkers, gut microbiota, and macronutrients and factors that affect GSRS total score or constipation/diarrhea subdomain scores from baseline to week 12. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will clarify the utility of probiotic BBG9-1 in the treatment of diarrhea or constipation in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs051220127.

Utilization of muscle area in an accurate prediction formula for renal function for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate assessment of renal function prior to surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma is important for patient outcome, but current methods such as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are inadequate. We developed a new prediction formula that incorporates preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging data to determine renal function. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 400 patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma between January 2010 and December 2021. Predictors associated with renal function were identified by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Age, sex, body height, body weight, body surface area, body mass index, serum creatinine, and muscle areas including third lumbar vertebra total muscle area (L3 TMA) determined by preoperative CT were identified as independent predictors likely to be associated with renal function. These were used to construct a new prediction formula using multiple regression analysis performed with a stepwise method: 232.2 + (-1.17 × age) + (-89.0 × serum creatinine) + (0.28 × L3 TMA). The median difference between conventional eGFR and CCr was 47.6 ml/min (range, 1.7-137.9 ml/min), while that between the new eGFR and CCr was 14.3 ml/min (range, 0.02-64.7 ml/min). Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed that the new eGFR was more positively correlated with CCr than conventional eGFR (ρ = 0.623, P < 0.05; ρ = 0.700, P < 0.05, respectively), and hence more accurately reflected renal function. CONCLUSION: A new prediction formula based on L3 TMA determined by CT is more accurate than conventional eGFR for evaluating renal function.

The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is a complementary prognostic factor to tumor markers in predicting early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of inflammation-based prognostic scores for early recurrence (ER) after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma has rarely been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of inflammation-based prognostic scores as predictors of ER and their relationship with tumor markers. METHODS: We enrolled 338 patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma between January 2007 and December 2021. Clinicopathological factors were compared between patients who developed ER (ER group) and those who did not develop ER (non-ER group). The association between inflammation-based prognostic scores and ER status was evaluated. These scores were compared with those of well-established tumor markers. RESULTS: The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) correlated with ER of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.70, sensitivity of 68.1%, and specificity of 67.7%. In patients with low tumor marker levels, the PLR showed a strong correlation with ER of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an AUC value of 0.851, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 76.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the PLR was an independent prognostic factor for ER. CONCLUSIONS: The PLR is useful and complementary to tumor markers for predicting ER after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Predictive power of isolated high home systolic blood pressure for cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: KAMOGAWA-HBP study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Isolated high home systolic blood pressure (IHHSBP) is a risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no study has shown an association between IHHSBP and CVD in diabetes. We examined the association between IHHSBP and CVD in type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 1082 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 20 to 90 years, without a history of macrovascular complications. Home blood pressure (HBP) was measured three times every morning and evening for 14 days. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between IHHSBP and CVD incidence. RESULTS: With the normal HBP group as the reference, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CVD was 1.58 (1.02-2.43) in the IHHSBP group. Correcting for antihypertensive medication use did not change HR. Based on sex, the adjusted HR (95% CI) for CVD was 1.25 (0.74-2.13) in males and 2.28 (1.01-5.15) in females. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with type 2 diabetes, those with IHHSBP had a higher HR for cardiovascular disease than those with normal HBP. But, Isolated high home diastolic blood pressure and high HBP were not. The association between IHHSBP and CVD was stronger in females than in males.

Reasons for Discontinuing Treatment with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Diabetes in Real-World Settings: The KAMOGAWA-A Study.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a class of antidiabetic agents known to exert cardioprotective, renoprotective, and hypoglycemic effects. However, these agents have been associated with adverse effects, such as genital infection, volume depletion, hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis, resulting in drug discontinuation. Herein, we aimed to determine the reasons for discontinuing treatment with SGLT2is among Japanese patients with diabetes. This retrospective cohort study enrolled 766 patients with diabetes who had initiated SGLT2is between January 2014 and September 2021. The follow-up period was 2 years from the initiation of the SGLT2is. Overall, 97 patients (12.7%) discontinued the SGLT2is during the follow-up period. The most common reasons for discontinuing the SGLT2is were frequent urination (19.6%), followed by genital infection (11.3%), improved glycemic control (10.6%), and renal dysfunction (8.2%). A comparison of the characteristics between the continuation and the discontinuation group was conducted, excluding those who discontinued the SGLT2is because of improved glycemic control. The patients in the discontinuation group (68 [55-75] years) were older than those in the continuation group (64 [53-71] years; p = 0.003). Importantly, we found no significant association between diabetes duration, diabetic control, renal function, or complications of diabetes in both groups. This real-world study revealed that frequent urination was the most common reason underlying SGLT2i discontinuation among Japanese patients with diabetes. To avoid discontinuation, precautions against various factors that may cause frequent urination must be implemented.

Younger patients and low c-peptide immunoreactivity index but not nutritional states affect fasting blood ketone levels in Japanese with type 1 diabetes after sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor administration.

AIM: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are available for individuals with type 1 diabetes, but appropriate use is recommended to prevent ketosis or ketoacidosis. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of ketosis in people with type 1 diabetes, focusing on the relationship between nutritional assessment, glycaemic status, c-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) index and body composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 46 Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes were included, and dietary assessment from food photographs and ketone levels were evaluated before and after taking SGLT2is. The effect of diet on morning ketone levels was also investigated. RESULTS: All patients had an increase in mean ketone concentrations after taking SGLT2is (before 0.12 ± 0.06 mmol/L, after 0.23 ± 0.16 mmol/L). A significant negative correlation was found between average morning ketone levels and age (r = -0.514, p < .001) and the CPR index (r = -0.523, p = .038) after taking SGLT2is. Using a mixed-effects model based on the results before starting the inhibitors, it was noted that both patient-to-patient and age, or patient-to-patient and capacity of insulin secretion, influenced the ketone levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that factors associated with the risk of increasing ketone levels after taking SGLT2is were younger age (ß = -0.504, p = .003) and a low ratio of basal to bolus insulin (ß = -0.420, p = .005). CONCLUSIONS: When administering SGLT2is to patients with a low CPR index or younger patients with type 1 diabetes, adequate instructions to prevent ketosis should be given.

The Impact of Nutritional Markers and Dietary Habits on the Bioimpedance Phase Angle in Older Individuals.

Low phase angle (PhA), as determined via bioelectrical impedance analysis, reflects unhealthy aging and mortality. In this study, we assessed whether nutritional status, including serum nutritional markers and dietary habits, is related to PhA in older individuals. We recruited 212 participants (aged ≥ 65 years) who underwent medical health checkups. PhA was measured using a multi-frequency impedance body composition analyzer. Habitual food and nutrient intake was evaluated using a brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Low PhA values were defined as ≤4.95 in males and ≤4.35 in females. Males with low PhA had poor exercise habits (p = 0.0429) and a lower body mass index (p = 0.0024). PhA was significantly correlated with serum cholinesterase levels, a nutritional status marker (r = 0.3313, p = 0.0004 in males; r = 0.3221, p = 0.0070 in females). The low-PhA group had significantly lower total energy and carbohydrate intake per ideal body weight (IBW) than the high-PhA group in males (total energy intake:30.2 ± 9.8 and 34.5 ± 9.3 kcal/kg/day, p = 0.0307; carbohydrate intake:15.2 ± 4.9 and 18.0 ± 5.8 kcal/kg/day, p = 0.0157). Total energy intake per IBW (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.94 [0.89-1.00] per 1 kcal/kg/day increase) was independently associated with a low PhA in males. Our study revealed that lower total energy intake independently impacted low PhA in older males.

Effects of dapagliflozin on renal function in type 1 diabetes patients in the real world: A retrospective multicenter study of the KAMOGAWA-A cohort.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dapagliflozin on renal function of type 1 diabetes patients. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 295 type 1 diabetes patients. The primary outcome was defined as the change in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after 24 months of dapagliflozin treatment. The secondary outcomes were defined as the changes in HbA1c, daily insulin dosage, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) after 24 months. RESULTS: Finally, 255 patients were included in the final analysis (dapagliflozin group; 76 patients, non-use group; 179 patients), with a median eGFR of 74.0 mL/min/1.73 m2. A 1:1 propensity score matching was performed, and 142 patients were analyzed in a linear mixed model. The least squares mean change in eGFR in the dapagliflozin group was -3.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: -5.62 to -0.66), a significantly smaller decrease than in the non-use group (-6.94 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: -9.39 to -4.50)) (p = 0.032). HbA1c level, total insulin dose, and UACR change were significantly lower in the dapagliflozin group than in the non-use group. CONCLUSIONS: At 24 months, the decline in eGFR was significantly lower in the dapagliflozin group than in the non-use group without increasing diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia.

Insulin dose reduction in dapagliflozin combination therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: the RISING-STAR study.

To clarify the frequency of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving dapagliflozin combination therapy to reduce their basal insulin dose. Sixty subjects were assigned to two groups according to their basal insulin-to-total daily dose (TDD) ratio: group A (basal insulin/TDD <40%) and group B (≥40%). Reduction of the basal insulin dose was instituted in group B, but not in group A. The number of hypoglycemic events per day and ketosis frequency were the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. The hypoglycemia frequency before and after the intervention was 0.23 and 0.26 times/day in group A and 0.19 and 0.23 times/day in group B, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups. The total insulin dose reduction was approximately 10% in both groups. Ketosis frequency increased significantly after the intervention (from 0.013 to 0.086 times/day in group A and 0.013 to 0.059 times/day in group B). Time-in-range, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, and glycated hemoglobin A1c improved in both groups. No significant difference in hypoglycemia frequency was observed between patients with and without reduction of the basal insulin dose. The combination therapy improved glycemic control and patient satisfaction regarding hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, adequate attention to ketosis is crucial.

Relative low muscle mass and muscle strength is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This cross-sectional study investigated the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with sarcopenia defined by absolute low muscle mass (aLMM) and absolute low muscle strength (aLMS), or sarcopenia defined by relative low muscle mass (rLMM) and relative low muscle strength (rLMS). The cut-off values for men and women were as follows: aLMM, appendicular muscle mass in kg/height|2 was <7.0 kg/m|2 and <5.7 kg/m|2; rLMM, appendicular muscle mass/body weight ×100 was <28.64% and <24.12%; aLMS, handgrip strength was <28 kg and <18 kg; and rLMS, handgrip strength/body weight ×100 was 51.26% and 35.38%. Among 207 men and 164 women, 41.5% men and 57.3% women had MetS, 14.0% men and 6.1% women had sarcopenia as defined by aLMM and aLMS, and 14.0% men and 22.0% women had sarcopenia defined by rLMM and rLMS. Compared with non-sarcopenia, adjusted OR of sarcopenia defined by aLMM and aLMS for the prevalence of MetS was 0.79 (95% CI 0.38-1.67), whereas that of sarcopenia defined by rLMM and rLMS for the prevalence of MetS was 20.6 (95% CI 7.81-54.3). Sarcopenia defined by rLMM and rLMS was associated with the risk of prevalence of MetS, whereas sarcopenia defined by aLMM and aLMS was not.

The Association of Salt Intake and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has a close relationship with type 2 diabetes (T2D), is related to salt intake in the general population. In contrast, the relationship between salt intake and the presence of NAFLD in patients with T2D has not been clarified. Methods: Salt intake (g/day) was assessed using urinary sodium excretion, and a high salt intake was defined as an intake greater than the median amount of 9.5 g/day. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) ≥ 36 points was used to diagnosed NAFLD. Odds ratios of high salt intake to the presence of NAFLD were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results: The frequency of NAFLD was 36.5% in 310 patients with T2D (66.7 ± 10.7 years old and 148 men). The patients with high salt intake had a higher body mass index (25.0 ± 4.0 vs. 23.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001) than those with low salt intake. HSI in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (36.2 ± 6.2 vs. 34.3 ± 5.5 points, p = 0.005). In addition, the presence of NALFD in patients with high salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake (44.5% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.005). High salt intake was associated with the prevalence of NAFLD [adjusted odds ratio, 1.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-3.03), p = 0.043]. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study revealed that salt intake is related to the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with T2D.

Impact of Eating Speed on Muscle Mass in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study of KAMOGAWA-DM Cohort.

Background and Aims: Maintenance of muscle mass is important for sarcopenia prevention. However, the effect of eating speed, especially fast, normal, or slow speed, on muscle mass changes remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of eating speed on muscle mass changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: This study included 284 patients with T2DM. Based on a self-reported questionnaire, participants were classified into three groups: fast-, normal-, and slow-speed eating. Muscle mass was assessed using a multifrequency impedance body composition analyzer, and skeletal muscle mass (SMI) decrease (kg/m2/year) was defined as [baseline SMI (kg/m2)-follow-up SMI (kg/m2)] ÷ follow-up duration (year). The rate of SMI decrease (%) was defined as [SMI decrease (kg/m2/year) ÷ baseline SMI (kg/m2)] × 100. Results: The proportions of patients with fast-, normal-, and slow-speed eating were, respectively, 50.5%, 42.9%, and 6.6% among those aged <65 years and 40.4%, 38.3%, and 21.3% among those aged ≥65 years. In patients aged ≥65 years, the rate of SMI decrease in the normal (0.85 [95% confidence interval, CI: -0.66 to 2.35]) and slow (0.93 [95% CI -0.61 to 2.46]) speed eating groups was higher than that in the fast speed eating group (-1.08 [95% CI -2.52 to 0.36]). On the contrary, there was no difference in the rate of SMI decrease among the groups in patients aged <65 years. Compared with slow speed eating, the adjusted odds ratios of incident muscle loss [defined as rate of SMI decrease (%) ≥0.5%] due to fast- and normal-speed eating were 0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.98) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.36 to 2.03), respectively. Conclusion: Slow-speed eating is associated with a higher risk of muscle mass loss in older patients with T2DM.

Dietary Fiber Intake Is Related to Skeletal Muscle Mass, Body Fat Mass, and Muscle-to-Fat Ratio Among People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR) among men and women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 260 men and 200 women with T2D. Percent skeletal muscle mass (%) or percent body fat mass (%) was calculated as (appendicular muscle mass [kg] or body fat mass [kg]/body weight [kg]) × 100. MFR was calculated as appendicular muscle mass divided by body fat mass. Information about dietary fiber intake (g/day) was obtained from a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Results: Dietary fiber intake was correlated with percent body fat mass (r = -0.163, p = 0.021), percent skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.176, p = 0.013), and MFR (r = 0.157, p = 0.026) in women. However, dietary fiber intake was not correlated with percent body fat mass (r = -0.100, p = 0.108), percent skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.055, p = 0.376), and MFR (r = 0.065, p = 0.295) in men. After adjusting for covariates, dietary fiber intake was correlated with percent body fat mass (ß = 0.229, p = 0.009), percent skeletal muscle mass (ß = 0.364, p < 0.001), and MFR (ß = 0.245, p = 0.006) in women. Further, dietary fiber intake was related to percent skeletal muscle mass (ß = 0.221, p = 0.008) and tended to be correlated with percent body fat mass (ß = 0.148, p = 0.071) in men. Conclusion: Dietary fiber intake was correlated with skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and MFR among women with T2D.