Venous Thromboembolism Following Lateral Lymph Node Dissection for Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-recognized complication that leads to morbidity and mortality. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) for rectal cancer is thought to potentially increase the risk of VTE due to its technical complexity. However, the relationship between LLND and VTE remains inadequately understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of LLND on the incidence of postoperative VTE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent rectal cancer resection between 2010 and 2018 to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative VTE. Patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent surgery with LLND (LLND+ group) and those who underwent surgery without LLND (LLND- group). RESULTS: A total of 543 patients were enrolled in this study, and 113 patients underwent surgery for rectal cancer with LLND. VTE developed in 8 patients (1.47%), with the incidence rates being 4.42% in the LLND+ group and 0.69% in the LLND- group, respectively (p=0.012). Three of 8 patients had developed severe postoperative complications, and the other two patients needed intraoperative repair of the iliac vein during LLND procedure. Multivariate analysis identified the incidence of postoperative complications and LLND as the independent risk factors of VTE. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery with LLND should be closely monitored for signs of VTE.

Significance of Comprehensive Analysis of Preoperative Sarcopenia Based on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function for the Prognosis of Patients with Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of muscle mass loss, muscle strength, and physical function has been recommended in diagnosing sarcopenia. However, only muscle mass has been assessed in previous studies. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of comprehensively diagnosed preoperative sarcopenia on the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer. METHODS: The study analyzed 115 patients with esophageal cancer (age ≥ 65 years) who underwent curative esophagectomy. Preoperative sarcopenia was analyzed using the skeletal mass index (SMI), handgrip strength, and gait speed based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Clinicopathologic factors, incidence of postoperative complications, and overall survival (OS) were compared between the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups. The significance of the three individual parameters also was evaluated. RESULTS: The evaluation identified 47 (40.9%) patients with low SMI, 31 (27.0%) patients with low handgrip strength, and 6 (5.2%) patients with slow gait speed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 23 patients (20%) and associated with older age and advanced pT stage. The incidence of postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. Among the three parameters, only slow gait speed was associated with Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or greater complications. The sarcopenia group showed significantly worse OS than the non-sarcopenia group. Those with low handgrip strength tended to have worse OS, and those with slow gait speed had significantly worse OS than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative sarcopenia diagnosed using skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function may have an impact on the survival of patients with esophageal cancer.

Short-term Outcomes of Adjuvant Nivolumab After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: CheckMate 577 evaluated adjuvant nivolumab therapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for esophageal cancers. However, the efficacy of this treatment in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains unknown. This study investigated the short-term outcomes of adjuvant nivolumab therapy in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of 956 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent radical esophagectomy, 227 who exhibited ypN1-3 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery were included in this study. RESULTS: Among 227 patients, 30 received adjuvant nivolumab and 197 received non-nivolumab adjuvant therapy. The nivolumab group displayed a higher number of lymph node metastases compared to the control group. Patients with ypN1-2 tended to have longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the nivolumab group than in the non-nivolumab group (p=0.095). In the propensity score-matched cohort, no differences in patient characteristics were observed. Adjuvant nivolumab therapy significantly prolonged RFS in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.013). Patients with ypN1-2 in the nivolumab group had significantly longer RFS than their counterparts in the non-nivolumab group (p=0.001), but not in ypN3 (p=0.784). The 1-year postoperative recurrence rates were 59% for the non-nivolumab group and 24% for the nivolumab group (p=0.007). Nivolumab-related adverse events in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were mostly consistent across all grades, while the frequency of increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels was relatively higher compared to CheckMate577. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant nivolumab was more likely to prolong 1-year RFS in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, especially in those with ypN1-2, and had acceptable adverse events.

Clinical Impact of Early Tumour Shrinkage in Metastatic or Unresectable Oesophageal Cancer Treated with Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Metastatic or unresectable locally advanced oesophageal cancer remains a disease with high mortality. More recently, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy has been indicated as the first-line treatment for those patients, but the predictive factors for treatment efficacy remain controversial. This study investigated the clinical utility of early tumour shrinkage (ETS) and depth of response (DpR) in metastatic or unresectable oesophageal cancer treated with pembrolizumab plus CF therapy. METHODS: ETS and DpR, defined as the percent decreases at the second evaluation and the percentage of the maximal tumour shrinkage during treatment, were measured in 53 eligible patients. The ETS and DpR cut-off values were 20% and 30%, respectively, based on survival outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (51%) were treatment-naïve, while 26 (49%) had received any treatment before initiating pembrolizumab plus CF therapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for ETS ≥20% and <20% were 12.7 and 5.5 months and 14.4 and 8.2 months, and 12.7 and 4.9 months and 14.4 and 8.0 months for DpR ≥30% and <30%, respectively. ETS <20% showed early tumour growth, whereas ETS ≥20% had a good response rate with sufficient longer response duration. In addition, an ETS cut-off of 20% predicted the best overall response and was not associated with prior treatment. In multivariable analysis, ETS ≥20% and DpR ≥30% were independent factors of longer PFS. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that an ETS is a promising on-treatment marker for early prediction of further sensitivity to pembrolizumab plus CF therapy.

High Level Sacral Bone Resection for Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) involving the upper sacrum is generally considered a contraindication for curative surgery. In the surgical management of LRRC, sacrectomy is frequently performed to secure clear resection margins. Nonetheless, the indications for high sacrectomy remain controversial due to potential postoperative complications, questions about radicality, and the increased complexity of the operation. Furthermore, comprehensive studies addressing this issue are notably absent. This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and surgical prognosis in high sacrectomy for LRRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with LRRC who required concomitant sacrectomy, but did not include the inferior margin of the second sacral vertebra, between 2003 and 2014, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Eight patients with a median age of 59 years were included in this study. The proximal resection line for sacral bone resection was the central part of the S1 vertebra in one patient, lower edge of the S1 vertebra in six patients, and central part of the S2 vertebra in one patient. Negative margin resection was achieved in five out of the eight patients. The median operative time was 922 min, and the median operative blood loss volume was 6,370 ml. Major complications included pelvic abscess (n=5), ileus (n=1), and pulmonary vein embolism (n=1), none of which proved fatal during the postoperative period. Both the 5-year local re-recurrence-free survival rate and the 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate were 50% (4/8). CONCLUSION: High sacrectomy is safe and feasible to achieve negative margins in patients with LRRC.

Clinical Impact of Enhanced Recovery After Esophagectomy in Patients With Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program is expected to improve perioperative outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. However, how ERAS impacts the postoperative body composition and factors related to compliance rate of ERAS have not been fully investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 252 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy. We compared the postoperative outcomes including body composition between the old perioperative program and the new one that aimed to shorten postoperative length of stay (LOS). Compliance-related clinical factors were also examined. RESULTS: From 252 patients, 129 underwent the old program and 123 the new program. Postoperative LOS, postoperative complications, and hospital costs were reduced with the new program. Body weight loss was significantly improved with the new program at discharge and 3-months after esophagectomy (94.9% vs. 96.6%, p=0.013, 89.5% vs. 91.1%, p=0.028, respectively). Patients in the new program had better body composition at discharge than those in the old program [body fat mass (91.6% vs. 94.1%), lean body mass (95.2% vs. 97.2), and skeletal muscle mass (95.3% vs. 97.0%)]. Major reasons for incompliance were dysphagia, pneumonia, and anastomotic leakage. Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥70 years at surgery and sex (male) were independent risk factors for incompliance with the postoperative program. CONCLUSION: The new ERAS program aimed to shorten postoperative LOS had clinical benefits in body composition early after esophagectomy. Personalized ERAS programs based on age might lead to better postoperative outcomes because of low compliance rates for older patients.

Lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer: Risk factors and prediction model.

Endoscopic resection is typically performed for early T1 stage colorectal cancer (T1 CRC). Additional surgery is subsequently recommended based on pathological findings; however, the current criteria may result in overtreatment. The present study aimed to re-examine the reported risk factors for lymph node (LN) metastasis in T1 CRC and develop a prediction model using a large multi-institutional dataset. In this retrospective study, the medical records of 1,185 patients with T1 CRC who underwent surgery between January 2008 and December 2020 were investigated. Slides pathologically re-assessable for additional risk factors were re-examined. A total of 251 patients with inadequate data were excluded, and 934 patients were randomly assigned at a ratio of 3:1 to the training and validation datasets. In the univariate analysis, left-sided CRC (P=0.003), deep submucosal invasion depth (P=0.005), poor histological grade (P=0.020), lymphatic invasion (P<0.001), venous invasion (P<0.001) and tumor budding grade 2/3 (P<0.001) were significant risk factors for LN metastasis. A nomogram predicting LN metastasis was developed using these variables, with an area under the received operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.786. The nomogram was validated using a validation set with an AUC of 0.721, indicating moderate accuracy. No LN metastases were observed in patients with <90 points using the nomogram; therefore, patients with a low nomogram score may avoid undergoing surgical resection. Prediction of LN metastasis using this developed nomogram may help identify patients who are at high-risk who require surgery.

Cancer-specific tissue-resident memory T-cells express ZNF683 in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are associated with cytotoxicity not only in viral infection and autoimmune disease pathologies but also in many cancers. Tumour-infiltrating CD103+ Trm cells predominantly comprise CD8 T cells that express cytotoxic activation and immune checkpoint molecules called exhausted markers. This study aimed to investigate the role of Trm in colorectal cancer (CRC) and characterise the cancer-specific Trm. METHODS: Immunochemical staining with anti-CD8 and anti-CD103 antibodies for resected CRC tissues was used to identify the tumour-infiltrating Trm cells. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to evaluate the prognostic significance. Cells immune to CRC were targeted for single-cell RNA-seq analysis to characterise cancer-specific Trm cells in CRC. RESULTS: The number of CD103+/CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was a favourable prognostic and predictive factor of the overall survival and recurrence-free survival in patients with CRC. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of 17,257 CRC-infiltrating immune cells revealed a more increased zinc finger protein 683 (ZNF683) expression in cancer Trm cells than in noncancer Trm cells and in high-infiltrating Trm cells than low-infiltrating Trm in cancer, with an upregulated T-cell receptor (TCR)- and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signalling-related gene expression in ZNF683+ Trm cells. CONCLUSIONS: The number of CD103+/CD8+ TILs is a prognostic predictive factor in CRC. In addition, we identified the ZNF683 expression as one of the candidate markers of cancer-specific Trm cells. IFN-γ and TCR signalling and ZNF683 expression are involved in Trm cell activation in tumours and are promising targets for cancer immunity regulation.

Tumor-infiltrating T cells as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in patients with submucosal colorectal cancer.

Approximately 10% of patients with colorectal cancer with submucosal invasion have lymph node metastasis. Pathological risk factors for lymph node metastasis have varying sensitivities and specificities. To predict the risk of lymph node metastasis, the identification of new risk factors is vital. Tumor-infiltrating T cells have been reported to improve the prognosis of many solid tumors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between lymph node metastasis and tumor-infiltrating T cells in patients with colorectal cancer with submucosal invasion. We examined CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells level as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer with submucosal invasion. Using immunohistochemical staining, we identified CD8 + T cells in surgically resected specimens from 98 patients with SM-CRC. We showed that low CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells levels are positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, by combining the number of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cell and the number of CD103+ tumor-infiltrating T cells, the results showed a high positive predictive value for lymph node metastasis in cases with low numbers of both types of tumor-infiltrating T cells and a high negative predictive value in cases with high numbers of both types of tumor-infiltrating T cells.

Clinical Significance of Preoperative and Postoperative Serum CEA and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Levels in Patients Undergoing Curative Resection of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Local recurrence is common after curative resection for rectal cancer. Although one expects radical resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer to be curative, the postoperative re-recurrence rate is relatively high. Therefore, identifying risk factors for recurrence may improve the prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer with early therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between perioperative serum CEA/carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels and prognosis in locally recurrent rectal cancer to validate their usefulness for postoperative surveillance in locally recurrent rectal cancer. DESIGN: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The study is based on data obtained from procedures at the Osaka University Hospital. PATIENTS: Ninety patients underwent radical resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer between January 2000 and January 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated the correlation between perioperative serum CEA/carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels and prognosis after complete resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer and the serum CEA and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels at the diagnosis of postoperative re-recurrence. RESULTS: The median preoperative serum CEA level was 4 ng/mL and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level was 12 U/mL. Of the 90 patients, 43.3% had serum CEA ≥5 ng/mL, and 15.6% had serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 ≥37 U/mL. Preoperatively, this serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level strongly correlated with poorer prognoses regarding cancer-specific survival. Postoperatively, serum CEA ≥5 ng/mL significantly correlated with a worse prognosis. At the time of diagnosis of re-recurrence after resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer, 53.2% of patients had serum CEA ≥5 ng/mL, and 23.4% of patients had serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 ≥37 U/mL. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its single-center retrospective design, an insufficient sample size, and a relatively long study period. CONCLUSIONS: High serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 preoperatively and CEA postoperatively are associated with poor prognosis after locally recurrent rectal cancer. Furthermore, we found a high rate of serum CEA elevation in the diagnosis of postoperative re-recurrence. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/C106 . IMPORTANCIA CLNICA DE LOS NIVELES SRICOS PREOPERATORIOS Y POSOPERATORIOS DE CEA Y CA EN PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A RESECCIN CURATIVA DE CNCER DE RECTO LOCALMENTE RECURRENTE: ANTECEDENTES:La recurrencia local es común después de la resección curativa del cáncer de recto. Aunque se espera que la resección radical del cáncer rectal localmente recurrente sea curativa, la tasa de recurrencia posoperatoria es relativamente alta. Por lo tanto, la identificación de los factores de riesgo de recurrencia puede mejorar el pronóstico del cáncer de recto localmente recurrente con una intervención terapéutica temprana.OBJETIVO:Evaluamos la relación entre los niveles séricos perioperatorios de CEA/CA19-9 y el pronóstico en el cáncer de recto localmente recurrente para validar su utilidad para la vigilancia posoperatoria en el cáncer de recto localmente recurrente.DISEÑO:Este fue un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de un solo centro.AJUSTE:El estudio se basa en datos obtenidos de procedimientos en el Hospital Universitario de Osaka.PACIENTES:Noventa pacientes fueron sometidos a resección radical por cáncer de recto localmente recurrente entre Enero de 2000 y Enero de 2015.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS:Evaluamos la correlación entre los niveles séricos perioperatorios de CEA/CA19-9 y el pronóstico después de la resección completa del cáncer de recto localmente recurrente y los niveles séricos de CEA y CA19-9 en el diagnóstico de recurrencia posoperatoria.RESULTADOS:La mediana de los niveles séricos preoperatorios de CEA y CA19-9 fueron de 4 ng/mL y 12 U/mL, respectivamente. De los 90 pacientes, el 43,3 % tenía CEA sérico ≥5 ng/mL y el 15,6 % tenía CA19-9 sérico ≥37 U/mL. Antes de la operación, este nivel sérico de CA19-9 se correlacionó fuertemente con peores pronósticos con respecto a la supervivencia específica del cáncer. Después de la operación, el CEA sérico ≥5 ng/mL se correlacionó significativamente con un peor pronóstico. En el momento del diagnóstico de recurrencia después de la resección del cáncer de recto localmente recurrente, el 53,2 % de los pacientes tenían CEA sérico ≥5 ng/mL y el 23,4 % de los pacientes tenían CA19-9 sérico ≥37 U/mL.LIMITACIONES:El estudio estuvo limitado por su diseño retrospectivo de un solo centro, un tamaño de muestra insuficiente y un período de estudio relativamente largo.CONCLUSIONES:Los niveles séricos altos de CA19-9 antes de la operación y de CEA después de la operación están asociados con un mal pronóstico después del cáncer de recto localmente recurrente. Además, encontramos una alta tasa de elevación del CEA sérico en el diagnóstico de recurrencia posoperatoria. Consulte el Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/C106 . (Traducción-Dr. Yesenia Rojas-Khalil ).

Risk Factors for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in Submucosal Colorectal Cancer.

Objectives: The cornerstone of treating colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally a surgical resection with lymph node (LN) dissection. The tools for predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in submucosal (SM) CRC are useful to avoid unnecessary surgical resection. Methods: Retrospectively, we analyzed 526 consecutive patients with SM CRC who underwent surgical resection at the Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka University Hospital, and Minoh City Hospital, Japan, between 1984 and 2012. The Osaka International Cancer Institute group and the Osaka University Hospital group were randomly divided into a training set and a test set of 2:1. The prediction model was validated in Minoh City Hospital. Results: We partitioned patients using three risk factors involved in the presence or absence of LNM in SM CRC: lymphatic invasion (Ly), budding grade (BD) and the depth of submucosal invasion (DSI) (cut-off value 2789 µm) that were significantly different in the multivariate analysis. As a result, a predictive model of "LNM <5%" when "Ly negative and DSI <2789 µm" was evaluated. We similarly partitioned by DSI 3000 µm as easy-to-evaluate values in clinical use. We developed the additional model for predicting LNM is 1.05%, that is, LNM <5%, when there are "Ly negative and DSI <3000 µm." Conclusions: As a limitation, only patients who underwent surgical resection were included in this study. This predictive model could help clinicians and CRC patients decide on the additional surgery required after endoscopic resection.

Establishment of a reference single-cell RNA sequencing dataset for human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has been used to assess the intra-tumor heterogeneity and microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, previous knowledge is not fully universalized. Here, we built a single cell atlas of PDAC from six datasets containing over 70 samples and >130,000 cells, and demonstrated its application to the reanalysis of the previous bulk transcriptomic cohorts and inferring cell-cell communications. The cell decomposition of bulk transcriptomics using scRNAseq data showed the cellular heterogeneity of PDAC; moreover, high levels of tumor cells and fibroblasts were indicative of poor-prognosis. Refined tumor subtypes signature indicated the tumor cell dynamics in intra-tumor and their specific regulatory network. We further identified functionally distinct tumor clusters that had close interaction with fibroblast subtypes via different signaling pathways dependent on subtypes. Our analysis provided a reference dataset for PDAC and showed its utility in research on the microenvironment of intra-tumor heterogeneity.

Postoperative pain management after concomitant sacrectomy for locally recurrent rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess pain management in patients post-sacrectomy, focusing on opioid use, and to identify the factors associated with postoperative pain. METHODS: Patients who underwent resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) with concomitant sacrectomy at one of two hospitals between 2007 and 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. We examined the use of opioids preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients were classified into high and low sacrectomy groups based on the sacral bone resection level passing through the S3 vertebra. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were enrolled. Opioid use was significantly higher in the high sacrectomy group than in the low sacrectomy group at all times assessed: on postoperative days 7, 14, 30, 90, 180, and 365. Opioid use 3 months after locally recurrent rectal cancer surgery was significantly higher in patients with local re-recurrence of the tumor than in those without re-recurrence (p < 0.05), and the median morphine-equivalent opioid use 3 months postoperatively was significantly higher in the high sacrectomy group (30 vs. 0 mg/day; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Opioid use after concomitant sacrectomy for LRRC was higher in the high sacrectomy group. Prolonged postoperative pain or increasing pain was associated with local recurrence.

Tolerability and safety of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with S-1 after limited surgery for T1 or T2 lower rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) after local excision for pT1 with high-risk features or pT2 rectal cancer is recommended as an optional treatment to achieve both curability and maintenance of quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term safety of combining limited surgery with adjuvant CRT for T1 or T2 lower rectal cancer. METHODS: This was a multicenter, single-arm, prospective phase II trial. Patients diagnosed with lower rectal or anal canal cancer (clinical T1 or T2 with a maximum diameter of 30 mm and N0 and M0) underwent local excision or endoscopic resection. Patients received CRT with S-1 (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil) after confirmation of well- or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, and negative margins, and/or depth of submucosal invasion ≥ 1000 µm or muscularis propria, and/or positive lymphovascular invasion, and/or tumor budding grade of 2/3. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival. Secondary endpoints included overall and local relapse-free survival, safety, anal sphincter preservation rate, and anal function. RESULTS: Pathological diagnosis was T1 in 36 patients and T2 in 16 patients. Serious complications after surgery were not reported. The CRT completion rate per protocol was 86.5% (45/52). Thirty-two patients developed 54 events of CRT-related adverse events, including only one patient with a grade 3 event (stomatitis). The most common CRT-related adverse event was diarrhea (n = 14). No patients showed deterioration of anal function at 3 years postoperatively. CONCLUSION: CRT with S-1 after limited surgery for T1 or T2 lower rectal cancer resulted in a low incidence of toxicities and maintenance of anal function.

Epithelial Cell Transformation and Senescence as Indicators of Genome Aging: Current Advances and Unanswered Questions.

The recent advances in deciphering the human genome allow us to understand and evaluate the mechanisms of human genome age-associated transformations, which are largely unclear. Genome sequencing techniques assure comprehensive mapping of human genetics; however, understanding of gene functional interactions, specifically of time/age-dependent modifications, remain challenging. The age of the genome is defined by the sum of individual (inherited) and acquired genomic traits, based on internal and external factors that impact ontogenesis from the moment of egg fertilization and embryonic development. The biological part of genomic age opens a new perspective for intervention. The discovery of single cell-based mechanisms for genetic change indicates the possibility of influencing aging and associated disease burden, as well as metabolism. Cell populations with transformed genetic background were shown to serve as the origin of common diseases during extended life expectancy (superaging). Consequently, age-related cell transformation leads to cancer and cell degeneration (senescence). This article aims to describe current advances in the genomic mechanisms of senescence and its role in the spatiotemporal spread of epithelial clones and cell evolution.

Impact of the preoperative prognostic nutritional index as a predictor for postoperative complications after resection of locally recurrent rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Local recurrence is common after curative resections for rectal cancer. Surgical intervention is among the best treatment choices. However, achieving a negative resection margin often requires extensive pelvic organ resections; thus, the postoperative complication rate is quite high. Recent studies have reported that the inflammatory index could predict postoperative complications. This study aimed to validate the correlation between clinical factors, including inflammatory markers, and severe complications after surgery for local recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study included 99 patients that underwent radical resections for local recurrences of rectal cancer. Postoperative complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Grades ≥3 were defined as severe complications. Risk factors for severe complications were identified with univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and assessed with receiver-operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Severe postoperative complications occurred in 38 patients (38.4%). Analyses of correlations between inflammatory markers and severe postoperative complications revealed that the strongest correlation was found between the prognostic nutrition index and severe postoperative complications. The receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal prognostic nutrition index cut-off value was 42.2 (sensitivity: 0.790, specificity: 0.508). In univariate and multivariate analyses, a prognostic nutrition index ≤44.2 (Odds ratio: 3.007, 95%CI:1.171-8.255, p = 0.02) and a blood loss ≥2850 mL (Odds ratio: 2.545, 95%CI: 1.044-6.367, p = 0.04) were associated with a significantly higher incidence of severe postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a low preoperative prognostic nutrition index and excessive intraoperative blood loss were risk factors for severe complications after surgery for local recurrent rectal cancer.

Retrograde endoscopic submucosal dissection for early thoracic esophageal carcinoma.

Although the standard treatment for intramucosal esophageal cancer without lymph node metastasis is endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), we sometimes encounter patients who are not able to undergo a transoral endoscopic examination. Here, we report a surgical procedure consisting of transgastric retrograde ESD to treat early esophageal cancer (T1a-EP, N0, M0) because of a stricture after hypopharyngeal cancer surgery. This retrograde ESD procedure can be a safe and effective treatment option for early esophageal cancer. This is the first report of a surgical retrograde ESD method for esophageal cancer.

Surgical resection for pelvic retroperitoneal Castleman's disease: A case report and review literature.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare atypical lymphoproliferation disorder first reported in 1954. Clinically, CD is classified as unicentric or multicentric CD based on anatomical distribution. Unicentric CD primarily affects the mediastinum, and rarely affects the retroperitoneal location. The standard treatment for unicentric CD is complete surgical resection; however, this can be complicated by a high degree of attachment with other organs or hypervascularity. Preoperative angiography and embolization of the arteries that feed the problematic mass can reduce intraoperative bleeding in cases of CD with hypervascularity. In the present case report, a 44-year-old man who was found to have a pelvic retroperitoneal mass with calcification based on abdominal imaging results is discussed. Due to the hypervascularity of the mass, preoperative embolization was performed. The mass was completely resected without any complications. Additionally, a review of the literature on pelvic CD and preoperative embolization of CD was performed to provide an up-to-date reference on the management and outcomes of patients with CD.

Immuno-Surgical Management of Pancreatic Cancer with Analysis of Cancer Exosomes.

Exosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles secreted from various cells and especially cancer cells, mesenchymal cells, macrophages and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), are involved in biologically malignant behaviors of cancers. Recent studies have revealed that EXs contain microRNAs on their inside and express proteins and glycolipids on their outsides, every component of which plays a role in the transmission of genetic and/or epigenetic information in cell-to-cell communications. It is also known that miRNAs are involved in the signal transduction. Thus, EXs may be useful for monitoring the TME of tumor tissues and the invasion and metastasis, processes that are associated with patient survival. Because several solid tumors secrete immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed cell death-ligand 1, the EX-mediated mechanisms are suggested to be potent targets for monitoring patients. Therefore, a companion therapeutic approach against cancer metastasis to distant organs is proposed when surgical removal of the primary tumor is performed. However, EXs and immune checkpoint mechanisms in pancreatic cancer are not fully understood, we provide an update on the recent advances in this field and evidence that EXs will be useful for maximizing patient benefit in precision medicine.

[Simultaneous Laparoscopic Sigmoid Colectomy and Malignant Lymphoma Biopsy-A Case Report].

The patient, a woman in her 70s, was diagnosed with occlusive ileus caused by sigmoid colon cancer.She underwent transanal stent placement to release the occlusion.Subsequent detailed testing revealed a 70×60mm mass on the dorsal side of the pancreas and PET-CT indicated an SUVmax 18.2 FDG uptake. EUS-FNA was performed twice.However, the mass was unable to be definitively diagnosed.The patient was then referred to our hospital.She underwent laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy and laparoscopic biopsy of the mass for sigmoid colon cancer.The patient progressed well postoperatively and was discharged home on postoperative day 9.The postoperative diagnosis was colon cancer(S, Type 2, 58×50 mm, tub2, pT4a [SE], pN1, Stage Ⅲa)and the biopsied mass was found to be a nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma according to histopathological testing.After undergoing chemotherapy at our hematology department, she has experienced no recurrence.