MODELING STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN 20 U.S. WATERSHEDS.

Watershed modeling in 20 large, United States (U.S.) watersheds addresses gaps in our knowledge of streamflow, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus), and sediment loading sensitivity to mid-21st Century climate change and urban/residential development scenarios. Use of a consistent methodology facilitates regional scale comparisons across the study watersheds. Simulations use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Climate change scenarios are from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program dynamically downscaled climate model output. Urban and residential development scenarios are from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios project. Simulations provide a plausible set of streamflow and water quality responses to mid-21st Century climate change across the U.S. Simulated changes show a general pattern of decreasing streamflow volume in the central Rockies and Southwest, and increases on the East Coast and Northern Plains. Changes in pollutant loads follow a similar pattern but with increased variability. Ensemble mean results suggest that by the mid-21st Century, statistically significant changes in streamflow and total suspended solids loads (relative to baseline conditions) are possible in roughly 30-40% of study watersheds. These proportions increase to around 60% for total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads. Projected urban/residential development, and watershed responses to development, are small at the large spatial scale of modeling in this study.

Using the Climate Assessment Tool (CAT) in U.S. EPA BASINS integrated modeling system to assess watershed vulnerability to climate change.

During the last century, much of the United States experienced warming temperatures and changes in amount and intensity of precipitation. Changes in future climate conditions present additional risk to water and watershed managers. The most recent release of U.S. EPA's BASINS watershed modeling system includes a Climate Assessment Tool (CAT) that provides new capabilities for assessing impacts of climate change on water resources. The BASINS CAT provides users with the ability to modify historical climate and conduct systematic sensitivity analyses of specific hydrologic and water quality endpoints to changes in climate using the BASINS models (Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF)). These capabilities are well suited for addressing questions about the potential impacts of climate change on key hydrologic and water quality goals using the watershed scale at which most important planning decisions are made. This paper discusses the concepts that motivated the CAT development effort; the resulting capabilities incorporated into BASINS CAT; and the opportunities that result from integrating climate assessment capabilities into a comprehensive watershed water quality modeling system.

Cloning and characterization of CRF, a novel C1q-related factor, expressed in areas of the brain involved in motor function.

We have isolated and characterized a novel cDNA, C1q-Related Factor (CRF), that is predicted to encode a 258 amino acid polypeptide with a hydrophobic signal sequence, a collagenous region, and a globular domain at the carboxy terminus that shares homology to the C1q signature domain. Human CRF transcript is expressed at highest levels in the brain, particularly in the brainstem. In situ hybridization to mouse brain sections demonstrated that CRF transcripts are most abundant in areas of the nervous system involved in motor function, such as the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, the accessory olivary nucleus, the pons and the red nucleus. The mouse CRF homolog is highly similar to the human gene at both the nucleotide and protein level, suggesting an important conserved role for this protein.

Insertion sequence IST3091 of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

An insertion sequence, designated as IST3091, was located adjacent to the putative origin of replication region of plasmid pTFI91 of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans TFI-91. The DNA sequence of the transposase gene of IST3091 revealed similarity with that of IS30, IS1086, IS4351, and the integrase gene of SpV1-R8A2 B (a bacteriophage of Spiroplasma citri). The sequence of IST3091 is 1063 bp long with partially matched 30-bp terminal inverted repeats. Several restriction fragments of plasmid pTFI91 of T. ferrooxidans containing the IST3091 element were cloned into the vector pHSG398. The hybrid plasmids (pBTL) were transformed into Escherichia coli NK7379 containing a miniF plasmid, which was devoid of transposable elements. The transposition function of the IST3091 element was confirmed by mobilizing hybrid plasmids via conjugation from transformed E. coli NK7379 (donor) to E. coli M8820 (recipient). The presence of the transposed element in transconjugants was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification.

Isolation of promoters from Brevibacterium flavum strain MJ233C and comparison of their gene expression levels in B. flavum and Escherichia coli.

A promoter probe shuttle vector suitable for the isolation of promoter elements from coryneform bacteria was constructed. This vector carried the neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene from transposon Tn5 as a reporter gene, and was capable of replication in both Escherichia coli and Brevibacterium flavum. The vector was used in the construction of a B. flavum library of 899 independently isolated promoter clones. Promoters with a wide range of activities in B. flavum, including some very strong promoter elements, were isolated. Comparative analysis suggests that significant differences between B. flavum and E. coli may exist in the determinants of promoter strength.

Characterization of the pTFI91-family replicon of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans plasmids.

Plasmids found in six strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were mapped and compared in an effort to detect the origin of replication. Four strains yielded an identical 9.8-kb plasmid, pTFI91. Restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization analysis were used to confirm this finding. Dissimilar plasmids found in two other strains contained a conserved 2.2-kb SacI region common to pTFI91. DNA sequence analysis of this region showed structural features common to bacterial plasmid replicons. A comparison of the pTFI91 origin with those of T. ferrooxidans pTF-FC2 and other broad host range vectors did not show significant homologous DNA sequences. To verify the replication function, a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase marker gene was ligated at the unique sites of pTFI91, and the plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha cells but no transformants were identified. To test the replication of pTFI91 independent of DNA polymerase I in E. coli, different restriction fragments of pTFI91 were cloned into pHSG398 (Cmr, ColEI origin) and transformed into the polA1 mutant SF800, but chloramphenicol-resistant transformants were not detected. Electrotransformation of T. ferrooxidans TFI-70 and Pseudomonas putida ATCC 19151 also failed to yield transformants. The results suggested that the pTFI91 plasmid replicon does not function either in E. coli or in P. putida. Since pTFI91 contains the same origin of replication as other plasmids in several other T. ferrooxidans strains, this replicon may be commonly distributed in T. ferrooxidans.

The Neurospora mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is sufficient for group I intron splicing in vitro and uses the carboxy-terminal tRNA-binding domain along with other regions.

Neurospora mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mt tyrRS), which is encoded by nuclear gene cyt-18, functions in splicing of group I introns in mitochondria. Here, we overproduced functional cyt-18 protein in Escherichia coli and purified it to near homogeneity. The purified protein has splicing and tyrRS activities similar to those of cyt-18 protein isolated from mitochondria and is by itself sufficient to splice the mitochondrial large rRNA intron in vitro. Structure-function relationships in the cyt-18 protein were analyzed by in vitro mutagenesis. We confirmed that a small amino-terminal domain not found in bacterial tyrRSs is required for splicing activity, but not tyrRS activity. Two linker insertion mutations, which disrupt the predicted ATP-binding site, completely inhibit tyrRS activity but leave substantial splicing activity. Finally, deletions or linker insertion mutations in the putative carboxy-terminal tRNA-binding domain inhibit both tyrRS and splicing activities, although some have differential effects on the two activities. Our results show that the normal catalytic activity of the cyt-18 protein is not required for splicing and are consistent with the hypothesis that the protein functions by binding to the precursor RNA and facilitating formation of the correct RNA structure. Regions required for splicing are distributed throughout the cyt-18 protein and overlap, but are not identical to, regions required for tyrRS activity. The finding that the putative carboxy-terminal tRNA-binding domain is required for both tyrRS and splicing activities suggests that the mechanism for binding the intron has similarities to the mechanism for binding tRNA(Tyr).

Function of Neurospora mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in RNA splicing requires an idiosyncratic domain not found in other synthetases.

Neurospora mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mt TyrRS), which is encoded by nuclear gene cyt-18, functions in splicing group I introns. Analysis of intragenic partial revertants of the cyt-18-2 mutant and in vitro mutants of the cyt-18 protein expressed in E. coli showed that splicing activity of the cyt-18 protein is dependent on a small N-terminal domain that has no homolog in bacterial or yeast mt TyrRSs. This N-terminal splicing domain apparently acts together with other regions of the protein to promote splicing. Our findings support the hypothesis that idiosyncratic sequences in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase may function in processes other than aminoacylation. Furthermore, they suggest that splicing activity of the Neurospora mt TyrRs was acquired after the divergence of Neurospora and yeast, and they demonstrate one mechanism whereby splicing factors may evolve from cellular RNA binding proteins.

Insertion sequence IS10 anti-sense pairing initiates by an interaction between the 5' end of the target RNA and a loop in the anti-sense RNA.

Transposition of insertion sequence IS10 is regulated by an anti-sense RNA which inhibits transposase expression when IS10 is present in multiple copies per cell. The anti-sense RNA (RNA-OUT) consists of a stem domain topped by a flexibly paired loop; the 5' end of the target molecule, RNA-IN, is complementary to the top of the loop, and complementarity extends for 35 base-pairs down one side of RNA-OUT. We present here genetic evidence that anti-sense pairing, both in vitro and in vivo, initiates by interaction of the 5' end of RNA-IN and the loop domain of RNA-OUT; other features of the reaction are discussed. In the context of this model, we discuss features of this anti-sense system which are important for its biological effectiveness, and suggest that IS10 provides a convenient model for design of efficient artificial anti-sense RNA molecules.

The effect of substituted phenothiazines on the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene.

The effect of phenothiazine and 11 of its derivatives on the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene, as measured by the Ames test was investigated. Significant anti-mutagenic activity was detected for 10 phenothiazine derivatives, with the 2-chloro derivative being the most effective inhibitor tested and promazine the only phenothiazine drug tested which has no demonstrable inhibitory activity. It is considered that the anti-mutagenic activity and therefore potentially anticarcinogenic activity of these derivatives should be of interest to epidemiologists.