Multimodal Neuromonitoring During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Introduction: Neuromonitoring (electroencephalogram [EEG] and cerebral oximetry) is essential for appropriate anesthesia and neuroprotection assessment during pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods: We describe the intraoperative pediatric multimodal and multiparametric neuromonitoring pattern of the software system Neuron-Spectrum (Kandel®) that consists of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG), spectral analysis, amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), depth of anesthesia monitor (NINDEX), and regional cerebral and somatic oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy-INVOS™). A physiological algorithm for management using neuromonitoring and physiological data is also described. Results: Visual data examples are presented for interpretation of the cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, neurophysiological state, anesthesia depth, possible neurologic predictions, and identification of cerebral drug effects (EEG signature). Conclusion: The neuromonitoring model can be an effective tool for anesthesia control and to provide adequate cerebral oxygenation during surgery.

Multimodal Neuromonitoring During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromonitoring (electroencephalogram [EEG] and cerebral oximetry) is essential for appropriate anesthesia and neuroprotection assessment during pediatric cardiac surgery. METHODS: We describe the intraoperative pediatric multimodal and multiparametric neuromonitoring pattern of the software system Neuron-Spectrum (Kandel®) that consists of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG), spectral analysis, amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), depth of anesthesia monitor (NINDEX), and regional cerebral and somatic oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy-INVOS™). A physiological algorithm for management using neuromonitoring and physiological data is also described. RESULTS: Visual data examples are presented for interpretation of the cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, neurophysiological state, anesthesia depth, possible neurologic predictions, and identification of cerebral drug effects (EEG signature). Conclusion: The neuromonitoring model can be an effective tool for anesthesia control and to provide adequate cerebral oxygenation during surgery.

Neuroprotective Anesthesia Regimen and Intensive Management for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Review and Initial Experience.

This article describes our proposal for routine anesthesia, intraoperative medical management, cerebral and physiological monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass that intend to provide appropriate anesthesia (analgesia, hypnosis), neuroprotection, adequate cerebral and systemic oxygen supply, and preventing against drugs neurotoxicity. A concise retrospective data is presented.

Neuroprotective anesthesia regimen and intensive management for pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a review and initial experience

Abstract This article describes our proposal for routine anesthesia, intraoperative medical management, cerebral and physiological monitoring during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass that intend to provide appropriate anesthesia (analgesia, hypnosis), neuroprotection, adequate cerebral and systemic oxygen supply, and preventing against drugs neurotoxicity. A concise retrospective data is presented.

Pain and cardiorespiratory responses of children during physiotherapy after heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of pain and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation associated with physiotherapy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Eighteen extubated children were assessed for the presence of pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale, and blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were simultaneously recorded. The physiological parameters were measured at the following time periods: immediately before physiotherapy, five and 10 minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy, and five minutes after its end. Pain was assessed immediately before physiotherapy, ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy and five minutes after its end. Pain and physiological changes were assessed by the Friedman test and the correlation between the physiological parameters and the pain scores was assessed by the Spearman test. RESULTS: Pain increased during physiotherapy and decreased significantly after it compared to pre-physiotherapy scores. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after 10 minutes of the beginning of physiotherapy. Arterial oxygen saturation tended to decrease during physiotherapy and to increase after it, although without significance. The correlation between pain scores and the physiological variables was significant only for systolic blood pressure and heart rate ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Manipulation after the beginning of physiotherapy seems to be accompanied by significant pain and by important associated cardiovascular changes. Apparent analgesia and improved respiratory function were observed after respiratory physiotherapy.

Pain and cardiorespiratory responses of children during physiotherapy after heart surgery / Dor e respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a fisioterapia de crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of pain and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation associated with physiotherapy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Eighteen extubated children were assessed for the presence of pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale, and blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were simultaneously recorded. The physiological parameters were measured at the following time periods: immediately before physiotherapy, five and 10 minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy, and five minutes after its end. Pain was assessed immediately before physiotherapy, ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy and five minutes after its end. Pain and physiological changes were assessed by the Friedman test and the correlation between the physiological parameters and the pain scores was assessed by the Spearman test. Results: Pain increased during physiotherapy and decreased significantly after it compared to pre-physiotherapy scores. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after 10 minutes of the beginning of physiotherapy. Arterial oxygen saturation tended to decrease during physiotherapy and to increase after it, although without significance. The correlation between pain scores and the physiological variables was significant only for systolic blood pressure and heart rate ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy. Conclusion: Manipulation after the beginning of physiotherapy seems to be accompanied by significant pain and by important associated cardiovascular changes. Apparent analgesia and improved respiratory function were observed after respiratory physiotherapy. .

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as ocorrências de dor e as alterações na pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação arterial de oxigênio associadas à fisioterapia em crianças no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Em dezoito crianças entubadas, foram avaliadas a dor pela escala face, pernas, atividade, choro e consolabilidade e registradas simultaneamente as pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e saturação arterial de oxigênio. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram medidos nos momentos: imediatamente antes, após cinco e dez minutos do início da fisioterapia, ao término e após cinco minutos do término da fisioterapia. A dor foi avaliada imediatamente antes, dez minutos do início da e após cinco minutos do término da fisioterapia. A dor e as alterações fisiológicas foram analisadas pelo teste de Friedman e a correlação entre os parâmetros fisiológicos e os escores de dor foi analisada pelo teste de Spearman. Resultados: A dor aumentou e reduziu significativamente durante e após, respectivamente, a fisioterapia, em relação aos valores pré-fisioterapia. A pressão arterial sistólica e a frequência cardíaca aumentaram significativamente após 10 minutos do inicio da fisioterapia. Houve tendência de redução da saturação arterial de oxigênio durante a fisioterapia e elevação após, porém, sem significância. A correlação entre os escores de dor foi significativa apenas para pressão arterial sistólica e frequência cardíaca durante a fisioterapia. Conclusão: A manipulação durante a fisioterapia parece ser acompanhada ...

Alveolar recruitment manoeuvre is safe in children prone to pulmonary hypertensive crises following open heart surgery: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To test the tolerance and safety of an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre performed in the immediate postoperative period of corrective open heart surgery in children with congenital heart disease associated with excessive pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arterial hypertension due to left-to-right shunt. METHODS: Ten infants aged 1-24 months with congenital heart disease associated with excessive pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary artery hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mmHg) were evaluated. The alveolar recruitment manoeuvre was performed in the operating theatre right after skin closure, and consisted of three successive stages of 30 s each, intercalated by a 1-min interval of baseline ventilation. Positive end-expiratory pressure was set to 10 cmH2O in the first stage and to 15 cmH2O in the two last ones, while the peak inspiratory pressure was kept at to 30 cmH2O in the first stage and at 35 cmH2O in the latter ones. Haemodynamic and respiratory variables were recorded. RESULTS: There was a slight but significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure from baseline to Stage 3 (P = 0.0009), as well as between Stages 1 and 2 (P = 0.0001), and 1 and 3 (P = 0.001), with no significant difference between Stages 2 and 3 (P = 0.06). Upon completion of the third stage, there were significant increases in arterial haemoglobin saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (P = 0.0009), arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen (P = 0.04), venous blood oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (P = 0.03) and arterial oxygen partial pressure over inspired oxygen fraction ratio (P = 0.04). A significant reduction in arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P = 0.01) and in end tidal carbon dioxide also occurred (P = 0.009). The manoeuvre was well tolerated and besides a slight and transitory elevation in mean pulmonary artery, no other adverse haemodynamic or ventilatory effect was elicited. CONCLUSIONS: The alveolar recruitment manoeuvre seemed to be safe and well tolerated immediately after open heart surgery in infants liable to pulmonary hypertensive crises.

The Switch Back Ross Operation: Report of Two Cases With Good Medium-to-Long-Term Follow-Up.

Submitted July 20, 2011; Accepted October 6, 2011. Neoaortic root dilatation and neoaortic valve regurgitation following the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries may ultimately require neoaortic root and/or neoaortic valve surgery. The ideal surgical approach to these lesions remains debatable. Hazekamp et al, in 1997, introduced the replacement of the neoaortic root by the neopulmonary autograft and named this procedure the switch back Ross operation. We report two patients who were successfully treated at our institution with the switch back Ross operation, with good results at, respectively, four- and five-year follow-up.

Correlação entre a SvO2 e SjO2 durante a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea em crianças / SjO2/SvO2 correlation during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a correlação entre a SvO2 (indicador do débito cardíaco) e a SjO2 (indicador da oxigenação cerebral) durante cirurgias cardíacas com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo. Dados da SjO2, SvO2 e SaO2, mensurados simultaneamente em momentos críticos da cirurgia cardíaca com CEC, em 12 crianças, foram analisados pelo teste de correlação de Spearman e pela representação gráfica de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados baixa correlação entre a SjO2 e a SvO2 (r²=0,14, P=0,03) e um viés alto (-7,8) na plotagem de Bland-Altman, indicando independência entre as duas variáveis. SjO2 < 50 por cento (indicativo de isquemia-hipoxia cerebral) foi observada em cerca de 50 por cento das medidas após o reaquecimento no final da CEC hipotérmica. CONCLUSÕES: A medida de SvO2 não é preditiva da SjO2 durante a cirurgia cardíaca com CEC em crianças e baixa SjO2 pode deixar de ser detectada medindo-se apenas a SvO2.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the SjO2 (cerebral oxygenation indicator) and SvO2 (cardiac output indicator) during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Retrospective study. Data of SjO2 and SvO2 measured simultaneously at critical time periods during cardiac surgery with CPB were analyzed by the Spearman correlation test and Bland- Altman plot. RESULTS:Regression analysis of the pooled data showed poor correlation between SjO2 and SvO2 (r²=0.14, P=0.03) and Bland- Altman plot had a high bias (-7.9), indicating independency of the two variables. SjO2<50 percent (indicative of cerebral ischemia-hypoxia) were observed in 50 percent of the measurements after rewarming during hypothermic CPB. CONCLUSIONS: SvO2 is not a good predictor of SjO2 during pediatric cardiac surgery with CPB, and low SjO2 can be undetected measuring SvO2 only.

Effects of 2 mg.kg⁻¹ of intravenous lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response to orotracheal intubation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lidocaine potentiates the effects of neuromuscular blockers and attenuates the hemodynamic response to orotracheal intubation. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response to intubation. METHODS: Eighty patients were distributed in 4 groups: Groups 1 and 2 received 0.6 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium; patients in Group 2 also received 2 mg.kg(-1) of lidocaine before intubation. Patients in Groups 3 and 4 received 1.2 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium; patients in Group 4 received additional 2 mg.kg(-1) of lidocaine. The latency of the neuromuscular blockade was measured by acceleromyography. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed at baseline, immediately before, and 1 minute after orotracheal intubation (OI). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were not observed between the latency from 0.6 mg.kg(-1) and 1.2 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium in patients who received lidocaine before induction and those who did not. The latency in patients who received 0.6 mg.kg(-1) of rocuronium with lidocaine was statistically similar to that of those who received 1.2 mg.kg(-1) rocuronium independently of whether lidocaine was administered or not. Patients who did not receive lidocaine before induction showed the same increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate after OI, which was not observed in those patients who received lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine before anesthetic induction was capable of attenuating the hemodynamic response associated to OI maneuvers, but it did not reduce the latency of the neuromuscular blockade produced by two different doses of rocuronium.

Efeito da utilização de 2 mg. kg-1 de lidocaína endovenosa na latência de duas doses diferentes de rocurônio e na resposta hemodinâmica à intubação traqueal / Effects of 2 mg. kg-1 of intravenous lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response of orotracheal intubation / Efecto de la utilización de 2 mg. kg-1 de lidocaína endovenosa en la latencia de dos dosis diferentes de rocuronio y en la respuesta hemodinámica a la intubación traqueal

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A lidocaína potencializa o efeito dos bloqueadores neuromusculares e atenua a resposta hemodinâmica à intubação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar o efeito da lidocaína sobre a latência de duas doses diferentes do rocurônio e sobre a resposta hemodinâmica à intubação orotraqueal (IOT). MÉTODO: 80 pacientes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: os dos Grupos 1 e 2 receberam 0,6 mg.kg-1 de rocurônio, sendo que os do Grupo 2 receberam também 2 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína antes da indução; os dos Grupos 3 e 4 receberam 1,2 mg.kg-1 de rocurônio, sendo que os do Grupo 4 receberam 2 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína. A latência do bloqueio neuromuscular foi medida por meio da aceleromiografia. A avaliação hemodinâmica foi feita no momento basal, imediatamente antes e um minuto depois da IOT. RESULTADOS: Não se encontrou diferença estatística significativa entre a latência do rocurônio nas doses de 0,6 mg.kg-1 e 1,2 mg.kg-1 nos pacientes que receberam ou não a lidocaína antes da indução. A latência dos pacientes que receberam rocurônio 0,6 mg.kg-1 com lidocaína foi estatisticamente igual à dos pacientes que receberam 1,2 mg.kg-1de rocurônio, independentemente da administração ou não de lidocaína. Os pacientes que não receberam lidocaína antes da indução apresentaram aumento dos valores de pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média e da frequência cardíaca após a IOT, o que não ocorreu nos que receberam lidocaína. CONCLUSÕES: Assim, a lidocaína por via venosa antes da indução anestésica foi capaz de atenuar a resposta hemodinâmica associada às manobras de IOT, mas não de diminuir a latência do bloqueio neuromuscular produzido por duas doses diferentes de rocurônio.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lidocaine potentiates the effects of neuromuscular blockers and attenuates the hemodynamic response to orotracheal intubation. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of lidocaine on the latency of two different doses of rocuronium and on the hemodynamic response to intubation. METHODS: Eighty patients were distributed in 4 groups: Groups 1 and 2 received 0.6 mg.kg-1 of rocuronium; patients in Group 2 also received 2 mg.kg-1 of lidocaine before intubation. Patients in Groups 3 and 4 received 1.2 mg.kg-1 of rocuronium; patients in Group 4 received additional 2 mg.kg-1 of lidocaine. The latency of the neuromuscular blockade was measured by acceleromyography. Hemodynamic evaluation was performed at baseline, immediately before, and 1 minute after orotracheal intubation (OI). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were not observed between the latency from 0.6 mg.kg-1 and 1.2 mg.kg-1 of rocuronium in patients who received lidocaine before induction and those who did not. The latency in patients who received 0.6 mg.kg-1 of rocuronium with lidocaine was statistically similar to that of those who received 1.2 mg.kg-1 rocuronium independently of whether lidocaine was administered or not. Patients who did not receive lidocaine before induction showed the same increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate after OI, which was not observed in those patients who received lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous lidocaine before anesthetic induction was capable of attenuating the hemodynamic response associated to OI maneuvers, but it did not reduce the latency of the neuromuscular blockade produced by two different doses of rocuronium.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La lidocaína potencia el efecto de los bloqueantes neuromusculares y atenúa la respuesta hemodinámica a la intubación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comprobar el efecto de la lidocaína sobre la latencia de dos dosis diferentes del rocuronio y sobre la respuesta hemodinámica a la intubación. MÉTODO: 80 pacientes fueron distribuidos en 4 grupos: los dos Grupos 1 y 2 recibieron 0,6 mg.kg-1 de rocuronio, siendo que los del Grupo 2 recibieron también 2 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína antes de la inducción; los dos Grupos 3 y 4 recibieron 1,2 mg.kg-1 de rocuronio siendo que los del Grupo 4 recibieron 2 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína. La latencia del bloqueo neuromuscular se midió por medio de la aceleromiografía. La evaluación hemodinámica se hizo en el momento basal, inmediatamente antes y un minuto después de la IOT. RESULTADOS: No se encontró diferencia estadística significativa entre la latencia del rocuronio en las dosis de 0,6 mg.kg-1 y 1,2 mg.kg-1 en los pacientes que recibieron o no la lidocaína antes de la inducción. La latencia de los pacientes que recibieron rocuronio 0,6 mg.kg-1 con lidocaína fue estadísticamente igual a la de los pacientes que recibieron 1,2 mg.kg-1de rocuronio, independientemente de la administración o no de lidocaína. Los pacientes que no recibieron lidocaína antes de la inducción, presentaron aumentos de los valores de presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y promedio, y de la frecuencia cardíaca después de la IOT, pero eso no se dio en los que recibieron la lidocaína. CONCLUSIONES: Así, la lidocaína por vía venosa antes de la inducción anestésica fue capaz de atenuar la respuesta hemodinámica asociada a las maniobras de IOT, pero no de reducir la latencia del bloqueo neuromuscular producido por dos dosis diferentes de rocuronio.

SjO2/SvO2 correlation during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the SjO2 (cerebral oxygenation indicator) and SvO2 (cardiac output indicator) during pediatric cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Retrospective study. Data of SjO2 and SvO2 measured simultaneously at critical time periods during cardiac surgery with CPB were analyzed by the Spearman correlation test and Bland- Altman plot. RESULTS: Regression analysis of the pooled data showed poor correlation between SjO2 and SvO2 (r²=0.14, P=0.03) and Bland- Altman plot had a high bias (-7.9), indicating independency of the two variables. SjO2<50% (indicative of cerebral ischemia-hypoxia) were observed in 50% of the measurements after rewarming during hypothermic CPB. CONCLUSIONS: SvO2 is not a good predictor of SjO2 during pediatric cardiac surgery with CPB, and low SjO2 can be undetected measuring SvO2 only.

Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Fentanyl Infusion on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate during Cardiac Surgery in Children.

Background. The purpose of this study was to access the effects of dexmedetomidine-fentanyl infusion on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) before surgical stimulation, on their changes to skin incision, and on isoflurane requirement during cardiac surgery in children. Methods. This study had a prospective, randomized, and open-label design. Thirty-two children aged 1 month to 10 years undergoing surgery for repair congenital heart disease (CHD) with CPB were randomly allocated into two groups: group MDZ received midazolam 0.2 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1) and group DEX received dexmedetomidine 1 µg·kg(-1)·h(-1) during the first hour followed by half of these rates of infusions thereafter. Both group received fentanyl 10 µg·kg(-1), midazolam 0.2 mg·kg(-1) and vecuronium 0.2 mg·kg(-1) for induction. These same doses of fentanyl and vecuronium were infused during the first hour then reduced to half. The infusions started after induction and maintained until the end of surgery. Isoflurane was given briefly to control hyperdynamic response to skin incision and sternotomy. Results. In both groups, systolic blood pressure (sBP) and heart rate (HR) decreased significantly after one hour of infusion of the anesthetic solutions, but there were significantly less increase in diastolic blood pressure, sBP, and HR, and less patients required isoflurane supplementation to skin incision in the patients of the DEX group. Discussion. Dexmedetomidine infusion without a bolus appears to be an effective adjunct to fentanyl anesthesia in control of hemodynamic responses to surgery for repair of CHD in children.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da combinação de dexmedetomidina-fentanil versus midazolam-fentanil em crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea / Efectos hemodinámicos de la combinación de dexmedetomidina-fentanil versus midazolam-fentanil en ninõs sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea / Hemodynamic effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia da infusão combinada de dexmedetomidina e fentanil na resposta hemodinâmica durante cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em crianças. MÉTODO: Trinta e duas crianças com idade entre 1 mês e 10 anos, agendadas para cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea, foram distribuídas de modo aleatório em dois grupos: o Grupo MDZ recebeu midazolam 0,2 mg.kg-1.h-1, enquanto o Grupo DEX recebeu dexmedetomidina 1 µg.kg-1.h-1 durante uma hora e, em seguida, o ritmo de infusão foi reduzido à metade em ambos os grupos. Ambos os grupos receberam fentanil 10 µg.kg-1, midazolam 0,2 mg.h-1 e vecurônio 0,2 mg.kg-1 para indução da anestesia. As mesmas doses de fentanil com vecurônio da indução foram infundidas durante a primeira hora após a indução e, em seguida, reduzidas à metade. As infusões foram iniciadas imediatamente após a indução e mantidas até o final da cirurgia. O isoflurano foi administrado por curto tempo para controle da resposta hiperdinâmica à incisão e esternotomia. RESULTADOS: Em ambos os grupos, a pressão arterial sistólica e a frequência cardíaca reduziram de modo significativo após uma hora de infusão anestésica, porém o aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica e da frequência cardíaca à incisão da pele foram significantemente menores no Grupo DEX. Um número significativamente menor de pacientes demandaram suplementação com isoflurano no Grupo DEX. Após a CEC, os pacientes de ambos os grupos tiveram respostas hemodinâmicas similares. CONCLUSÕES: A infusão sem bolus de dexmedetomidina parece ser um adjuvante efetivo do fentanil na promoção de sedação e controle das respostas hemodinâmicas durante cirurgia para cardiopatias congênitas em crianças.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of the combined infusion of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on the hemodynamic response during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. METHODS: Thirty-two children, ages 1 month to 10 years, scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly divided in two groups: the MDZ Group received midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1.h-1, while the DEX group received dexmedetomidine 1 µg.kg-1.h-1 during one hour followed be a reduction by half in the rate of infusion in both groups. Both groups received fentanyl 10 µg.kg-1, midazolam 0.2 mg.h-1, and vecuronium 0.2 mg.kg-1 for anesthesia induction. The same doses of fentanyl and vecuronium used during induction were infused during the first hour after induction, followed by a reduction to half. Infusions were initiated immediately after induction and maintained until the end of the surgery. Isoflurane was administered for a short time to control the hyperdynamic response to incision and sternotomy. RESULTS: In both groups, systolic blood pressure and heart rate reduced significantly after one hour of anesthetic infusion, but the increase in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate to skin incision were significantly lower in the DEX Group. A significantly lower number of patients demanded supplementation with isoflurane in the DEX Group. After CPB, patients in both groups had similar hemodynamic responses. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of dexmedetomidine without bolus seems to be an effective adjuvant to fentanyl on the promotion of sedation and control of hemodynamic responses during surgery for congenital cardiopathies in children.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la eficacia de la infusión combinada de dexmedetomidina y fentanil en la respuesta hedominámica durante la cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) en niños. MÉTODO: Treinta y dos niños, con edad entre 1 mes y 10 años, citados para cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea, que fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: el Grupo MDZ recibió midazolam 0,2 mg.kg-1.h-1, mientras que el Grupo DEX recibió dexmedetomidina 1 µg.kg-1.h-1 durante una hora y enseguida el ritmo de infusión se redujo a la mitad en los dos grupos. Los dos grupos recibieron fentanil 10 µg. kg-1, midazolam 0,2 mg.h-1 y vecuronio 0,2 mg.kg-1 para la inducción de la anestesia. Las mismas dosis de fentanil con vecuronio de la inducción fueron infundidas durante la primera hora después de la inducción y enseguida reducidas a la mitad. Las infusiones fueron iniciadas inmediatamente después de la inducción y mantenidas hasta el final de la cirugía. El isoflurano se administró por un corto tiempo para el control de la respuesta hiperdinámica a la incisión y esternotomía. RESULTADOS: En los dos grupos, la presión arterial sistólica y la frecuencia cardíaca se redujeron ostensiblemente después de una hora de infusión anestésica, pero el aumento de la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y el de la frecuencia cardíaca al momento de la incisión de la piel, fueron significantemente menores en el Grupo DEX. Un número significativamente menor de pacientes exigió un suplemento con isoflurano en el Grupo DEX. Después de la CEC, los pacientes de los dos grupos tuvieron respuestas hedominámicas similares. CONCLUSIONES: La infusión sin bolo de dexmedetomidina parece ser un adyuvante efectivo del fentanil en la promoción de la sedación y el control de las respuestas hemodinámicas durante la cirugía para las cardiopatías congénitas en niños.

Efeito da hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda na coagulação sanguínea: comparação entre os testes colhidos de um modelo in vivo e de um modelo in vitro / Efecto de la hemodilución normovolémica aguda en la coagulación sanguínea: comparación entre los tests recolectados en un modelo in vivo y en un modelo in vitro / Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on blood coagulation: comparison between tests of an in vivo and an in vitro model

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A hemodiluição normovolêmica produz resultados conflitantes na hemostasia, pois os trabalhos diferem quanto a tipo de líquido utilizado, profundidade da hemodiluição, método utilizado para avaliar a hemostasia e forma de se produzir hemodiluição. O efeito da hemodiluição na hemostasia pode depender da forma como ela é feita, se no modelo in vivo ou no modelo in vitro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a hemostasia em ambos os modelos, em dois diferentes graus de profundidade. MÉTODO: Treze pacientes foram submetidos à hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda e o hematócrito foi reduzido para 30 por cento e 20 por cento. A volemia foi mantida com lactato de Ringer. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para avaliação da hemostasia nos momentos M1 antes da hemodiluição, M2 20 minutos após a obtenção do hematócrito de 30 por cento e M3 20 minutos após a obtenção do hematócrito de 20 por cento. Antes da hemodiluição, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para a realização da hemodiluição em um tubo de ensaio. Os graus de hemodiluição no tubo de ensaio (in vitro) foram os mesmos que os produzidos nos pacientes (in vivo). A hemostasia foi avaliada por meio dos tempos de protrombina, tromboplastina parcial ativado e de trombina e da quantificação do fibrinogênio. RESULTADOS: O comportamento dos testes que avaliaram a hemostasia foi idêntico nos dois modelos utilizados. Houve aumento do TP, do TTPA e do TT e diminuição da concentração de fibrinogênio. Quanto maior o grau de hemodiluição, maior o comprometimento da coagulação. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo in vitro pode substituir o modelo in vivo na avaliação da hemostasia durante hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Normovolemic hemodilution produces conflicting results on hemostasis, since works differ according to the fluids used, degree of hemodilution, method used to evaluate hemostasis, and the way used to produce hemodilution. The effects of hemodilution on hemostasis can depend on how it is done and whether an in vivo or an in vitro model is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare hemostasis in two different degrees of hemodilution in both models. METHODS: Thirteen patients underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution with a reduction in hematocrit to 30 percent and 20 percent. Volemia was maintained with Ringer's lactate. Blood samples for evaluation of hemostasis were collected at moments M1 before hemodilution, M2 20 minutes after obtaining a hematocrit of 30 percent, and M3 20 minutes after obtaining a hematocrit of 20 percent. Before hemodilution, blood samples were collected to perform hemodilution in a test tube. The degree of hemodilution in the test tube (in vitro) was the same as that produced in the patients (in vivo). Hemostasis was evaluated by the prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, and thrombin time, and by quantifying fibrinogen. RESULTS: The behavior of the tests that evaluated hemostasis was identical in both models. An increase in PT, aPTT, and TT, as well as a reduction in the concentration of fibrinogen was observed. The higher degree of hemodilution was associated with greater compromise of coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro model can substitute the in vivo mode in the evaluation of hemostasis during acute normovolemic hemodilution.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La Hemodilución normovolémica produce resultados conflictivos en la hemostasia, porque los trabajos se diferencian en cuanto al tipo de líquido utilizado, profundidad de la hemodilución, método utilizado para evaluar la hemostasia y forma de producir la hemodilución. El efecto de la hemodilución en la hemostasia puede depender de la forma como ella se realiza, si es en el modelo in vivo o en el modelo in vitro. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar la hemostasia en los dos modelos, en dos diferentes grados de profundidad. MÉTODO: Trece pacientes se sometieron a la hemodilución normovolémica aguda y el hematocrito fue reducido para 30 por ciento y 20 por ciento. La volemia se mantuvo con Ringer con lactato. Se recogieron muestras de sangre para evaluación de la hemostasia en los momentos M1 (antes de la Hemodilución, M2 20 minutos después de la obtención del hematocrito de 30 por ciento) y M3 (20 minutos después de la obtención del hematocrito de 20 por ciento). Antes de la Hemodilución, muestras de sangre se recogieron para la realización de la Hemodilución en un tubo de ensayo. Los grados de Hemodilución en el tubo de ensayo (in vitro) fueron los mismos que los producidos en los pacientes (in vivo). La hemostasia fue evaluada por medio de los tiempos de protrombina, tromboplastina parcial activado, trombina y de la cuantificación del fibrinógeno. RESULTADOS: El comportamiento de los tests que evaluaron la hemostasia fue idéntico en los dos modelos utilizados. Hubo un aumento del TP, del TTPA y del TT y una reducción de la concentración de fibrinógeno. Mientras mayor el grado de hemodilución, mayor el comprometimiento de la coagulación. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo in vitro puede reemplazar al modelo in vivo en la evaluación de la hemostasia durante la hemodilución normovolémica aguda.

Hemodynamic effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of the combined infusion of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on the hemodynamic response during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. METHODS: Thirty-two children, ages 1 month to 10 years, scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly divided in two groups: the MDZ Group received midazolam 0.2 mg.kg(-1).h(-1), while the DEX group received dexmedetomidine 1 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) during one hour followed be a reduction by half in the rate of infusion in both groups. Both groups received fentanyl 10 microg.kg(-1), midazolam 0.2 mg.h(-1), and vecuronium 0.2 mg.kg(-1) for anesthesia induction. The same doses of fentanyl and vecuronium used during induction were infused during the first hour after induction, followed by a reduction to half. Infusions were initiated immediately after induction and maintained until the end of the surgery. Isoflurane was administered for a short time to control the hyperdynamic response to incision and sternotomy. RESULTS: In both groups, systolic blood pressure and heart rate reduced significantly after one hour of anesthetic infusion, but the increase in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate to skin incision were significantly lower in the DEX Group. A significantly lower number of patients demanded supplementation with isoflurane in the DEX Group. After CPB, patients in both groups had similar hemodynamic responses. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of dexmedetomidine without bolus seems to be an effective adjuvant to fentanyl on the promotion of sedation and control of hemodynamic responses during surgery for congenital cardiopathies in children.

Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on blood coagulation: comparison between tests of an in vivo and an in vitro model.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Normovolemic hemodilution produces conflicting results on hemostasis, since works differ according to the fluids used, degree of hemodilution, method used to evaluate hemostasis, and the way used to produce hemodilution. The effects of hemodilution on hemostasis can depend on how it is done and whether an in vivo or an in vitro model is used. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare hemostasis in two different degrees of hemodilution in both models. METHODS: Thirteen patients underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution with a reduction in hematocrit to 30% and 20%. Volemia was maintained with Ringer's lactate. Blood samples for evaluation of hemostasis were collected at moments M1--before hemodilution, M2--20 minutes after obtaining a hematocrit of 30%, and M3--20 minutes after obtaining a hematocrit of 20%. Before hemodilution, blood samples were collected to perform hemodilution in a test tube. The degree of hemodilution in the test tube (in vitro) was the same as that produced in the patients (in vivo). Hemostasis was evaluated by the prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, and thrombin time, and by quantifying fibrinogen. RESULTS: The behavior of the tests that evaluated hemostasis was identical in both models. An increase in PT, aPTT, and TT, as well as a reduction in the concentration of fibrinogen was observed. The higher degree of hemodilution was associated with greater compromise of coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro model can substitute the in vivo mode in the evaluation of hemostasis during acute normovolemic hemodilution.

Assessment of aprotinin in the reduction of inflammatory systemic response in children undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the hemostatic high-dose aprotinin seems to reduce the inflammatory process after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in children. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted on children aged 30 days to 4 years submitted to correction of acyanogenic congenital heart disease with ECC and divided into two groups: Control (n=9) and Aprotinin (n=10). In the Aprotinin Group the drug was administered before and during ECC and the systemic inflammatory response and hemostatic and multiorgan dysfunctions were analyzed on the basis of clinical and biochemical markers. Differences were considered to be significant when P<0.05. RESULTS: The groups were similar regarding demographic and intraoperative variables, except for a greater hemodilution in the Aprotinin Group. The drug had no benefit regarding time of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, permanence in the postoperative ICU and length of CONCLUSION: In this series, hemostatic high-dose aprotinin did not minimize the clinical manifestations or serum markers of the inflammatory systemic response.

Avaliação da aprotinina na redução da resposta inflamatória sistêmica em crianças operadas com circulação extracorpórea / Assessment of aprotinin in the reduction of inflammatory systemic response in children undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a aprotinina em altas doses hemostáticas pode reduzir o processo inflamatório após circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo randomizado em crianças de 30 dias a 4 anos de idade, submetidas à correção de cardiopatia congênita acianogênica, com CEC e divididas em dois grupos, um denominado Controle (n=9) e o outro, Aprotinina (n=10). Neste, o fármaco foi administrado antes e durante a CEC. A resposta inflamatória sistêmica e disfunções hemostática e multiorgânicas foram analisadas por marcadores clínicos e bioquímicos. Foram consideradas significantes as diferenças com P<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto às variáveis demográficas e intra-operatórias, exceto por maior hemodiluição no Grupo Aprotinina. Não houve benefício quanto aos tempos de ventilação pulmonar mecânica, permanência no CTIP e hospitalar, nem quanto ao uso de inotrópicos e função renal. A relação PaO2/FiO2 (pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial/fração inspirada de oxigênio) apresentou queda significativa com 24 h pós-operatório, no Grupo Controle. As perdas sanguíneas foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. No grupo Aprotinina surgiu leucopenia significativa, em CEC, seguida de leucocitose. Fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), Interleucinas (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, proporção IL-6/IL-10 não apresentaram diferenças marcantes intergrupos. A proporção IL-6/IL-10 PO aumentou no grupo Controle. Não houve complicações com o uso da aprotinina. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta casuística, a Aprotinina em altas doses hemostáticas não minimizou as manifestações clínicas e os marcadores séricos de resposta inflamatória sistêmica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the hemostatic high-dose aprotinin seems to reduce the inflammatory process after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in children. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted on children aged 30 days to 4 years submitted to correction of acyanogenic congenital heart disease with ECC and divided into two groups: Control (n=9) and Aprotinin (n=10). In the Aprotinin Group the drug was administered before and during ECC and the systemic inflammatory response and hemostatic and multiorgan dysfunctions were analyzed on the basis of clinical and biochemical markers. Differences were considered to be significant when P<0.05. RESULTS: The groups were similar regarding demographic and intraoperative variables, except for a greater hemodilution in the Aprotinin Group. The drug had no benefit regarding time of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, permanence in the postoperative ICU and length of CONCLUSION: In this series, hemostatic high-dose aprotinin did not minimize the clinical manifestations or serum markers of the inflammatory systemic response.

Does aprotinin preserve platelets in children with acyanogenic congenital heart disease undergone surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass?

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the hemostatic and platelets effects in children with acyanogenic congenital heart disease undergone on-pump surgery who received aprotinin. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was performed on children aged 30 days to 4 years who had undergone correction of acyanogenic congenital heart disease using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and were divided into two groups: Control (n=9) and Aprotinin (n=10). In the Aprotinin Group the drug was administered before and during CPB and the hemostatic dysfunction was analyzed by clinical and biochemical markers. Differences were considered to be significant when P<0.05. RESULTS: The groups were similar regarding demographic and intraoperative variables, except for a greater hemodilution in the Aprotinin Group. The drug presented no benefit regarding time of mechanical pulmonary ventilation, stay in the postoperative intensive care unit and hospital, or regarding the use of inotropic drugs and renal function. Platelet concentration was preserved with the use of Aprotinin, whereas thrombocytopenia occurred in the Control Group since the initiation of CPB. Blood loss was similar for both groups. There were no complications with the use of Aprotinin. CONCLUSION: Aprotinin quantitatively preserved the blood platelets in children with acyanogenic congenital heart disease.