Dinâmica comparada: fluxos dos escravizados africanos em São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Maranhão (1804-1848) / Comparative dynamics: flows of enslaved Africans in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Maranhão (1804-1848) / Dinámica comparada: flujos de africanos esclavizados en São Paulo, Minas Gerais y Maranhão (1804-1848)

Analisamos comparativamente informes demográficos de qualidade aceitável acerca dos escravizados nascidos na África para Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Maranhão de 1804 a 1848. As parcelas dos nascidos na África em relação aos escravizados e às razões de sexo de todos os cativos, de acordo com as idades, auxiliaram-nos a remontar a dinâmica retrospectiva da chegada dos africanos às regiões. Supondo certas hipóteses e procedimentos, a partir das coortes etárias, estimamos as proporções de africanos e as razões de sexo da população cativa para os períodos anteriores aos das listas nominativas de habitantes. A dinâmica retrospectiva da introdução de africanos reconstruída mostrou-se bastante correlacionada à história econômica das diferentes regiões estudadas.

We compare the surviving enslaved people present in demographic censuses of acceptable quality for Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Maranhão from 1804 to 1848. The share of those born in Africa in relation to slaves and the sex ratio of all captives according to their ages helped us find the retrospective dynamics of the arrival of Africans to these regions. When using age cohorts, we estimate, assuming certain hypotheses and procedures, the proportions of Africans and the sex ratios of the captive population for periods prior to those of the nominative lists of inhabitants. The retrospective dynamics of the reconstructed introduction of these Africans proved to be closely correlated with the economic history of the different regions analyzed.

Analizamos comparativamente a los sobrevivientes esclavizados presentes en los informes demográficos evaluados como de calidad aceptable para Minas Gerais, São Paulo y Maranhão entre 1804 y 1848. La proporción de los nacidos en África en relación con los esclavizados y la proporción de sexos de todos los cautivos, según las edades, nos ayudaron a trazar la dinámica retrospectiva de la llegada de africanos a estas regiones. Utilizando las cohortes de edad, estimamos, asumiendo ciertas hipótesis y procedimientos, las proporciones de africanos y las proporciones de sexos de la población cautiva para períodos anteriores a las listas nominativas de habitantes. La dinámica retrospectiva de la introducción reconstruida de africanos demostró estar altamente correlacionada con la historia económica de las diferentes regiones estudiadas.

Unsuspected pneumonia detected by increased lung uptake on 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan scan.

99Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) is a CD20-targeted radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma approved by the FDA in 2002. The acquisition of an 111In ibritumomab tiuxetan scan (bioscan) to confirm normal biodistribution before treatment with 99Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan was initially required in the United States until November 2011. This is the first documented example of abnormal biodistribution due to unsuspected pneumonia detected by increased lung uptake on the bioscan. The pneumonia was treated and resolved before 99Y Zevalin, avoiding potential harm and indicating that a screening chest x-ray may be appropriate when a bioscan is not performed.

Radioiodine dilution due to levothyroxine when using recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone: case report and discussion.

Following thyroidectomy, a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma was found to have widespread radioiodine-avid metastatic lesions and was treated with I-131. When follow-up scanning was anticipated, his 24-hour urinary iodine was found to be 254 µg. Because of the interim development of moderate renal failure, he was considered to be a candidate for preparation using recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH), with continued administration of thyroid hormone. To decrease the dilution effect of nonradioactive iodine, levothyroxine was replaced with liothyronine, with a resultant decrease in 24-hour urinary iodine to less than 110 µg, followed by radioiodine imaging, dosimetry, and retreatment with I-131 for persistent, though improved disease. The dilution of radioiodine with nonradioactive iodine from any source may degrade image quality and reduce the effectiveness of therapy. The use of rhTSH has advantages in the evaluation and I-131 treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. There is evidence that this approach results in a longer effective half-time of radioiodine in remnants, improved bone marrow dosimetry, and comparable remnant ablation efficacy as compared with hormone withdrawal. However, it entails continued administration of thyroid hormone, which is a source of nonradioactive iodine. Reduction of the nonradioactive iodine burden of levothyroxine by conversion to liothyronine warrants investigation as possibly enhancing the advantages of rhTSH.

I-123 whole body scanning: case report and discussion.

PURPOSE: In managing differentiated thyroid carcinoma, concern over the stunning that may occur with traditional whole body imaging using I-131 has fostered an interest in using I-123 for this purpose. A case is presented as a focus for discussion of the issues, with special reference to accuracy and the effect thereon of technical factors. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old man with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid was scanned after thyroidectomy using 10 mCi I-123. Images at 24 and 48 hours demonstrated foci including multiple regional metastases. They were less well demonstrated in images 7 days after therapeutic I-131, and negative imaging 1 year later implied therapeutic success. DISCUSSION: I-131 has the advantages of a longer half-life, facilitating delayed imaging and lower price. I-123 has the advantages of favorable gamma-ray energy and less useless radiation to thyroid tissue and the whole body. Despite its short half-life, with a sufficient amount, images at 48 hours are practical. In the case presented, there are several possible reasons why superior lesion detection occurred in diagnostic I-123 images. In any case, the outcome demonstrates that I-131 posttherapy images are not an absolute "gold standard" for accuracy. Investigations comparing I-123 with I-131 imaging have been subject to biases, including insufficient dose of I-123, lack of delayed I-123 imaging, suboptimal collimation for I-131, and the relatively high dose of I-131 in posttherapy scanning. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence, although not definitive, strongly suggests that I-123 is at least as accurate for diagnostic whole body imaging as I-131.

Historia general de Bolivia

Contiene: Geografia y civilizaciones precolombinas; La creacion de una sociedad colonial; La crisis colonial tardia: crisis y crecimiento; La guerra de la independencia y la creacion de un nuevo Estado Nacion 1809-1841; La crisis del estado 1841-1880; Las epocas de la plata y el estaño 1880; La desintegracion del orden establecido: 1932-1952; La aparicion de un nuevo orden 1964-1980

Origenes de la Revolucion Nacional Boliviana: La crisis de la generacion del Chaco

Contiene: Establecimiento del sistema de partido politico; El partido Liberal en el poder; La era republicana: Saavedra; La era republicana: Siles; Salamanaca y el advenimiento de la guerra; La guerra del Chaco; El gobierno transitorio de Tejada Sorzano; David Toro y el establecimiento del Socialismo Militar; La ascencion de German Busch; Primer experimento de Bolivia en el constitucionalismo social: La Convencion Constituyente de 1938; La dictadura de Busch y el fin de era; Quintanilla y el resurgimiento de la oligarquia; El surgimiento de la Izquierda Nacional

Origenes de la Revolucion Nacional Boliviana: La crisis de la generacion del Chaco

Contiene: Establecimiento del sistema de Partidos politicos; El partido liberal en el poder; La era republicana: Saavedra; La era republicana: Siles; Salamanca y el advenimiento de la guerra; La guerra del Chaco; El gobierno de Tejada Sorzano; David Toro y el establecimiento del Socialismo Militar; La ascencion de German Busch; Primer experimento de Bolivia en el constitucionalismo social: La convencion constituyente de 1938; La dictadura de Busch y el fin de la era; Quintanilla y el resurgimiento de la oligarquia; El surgimiento de la izquierda nacional