Anxiety, Stress Perception, and Coping Strategies among Students with COVID-19 Exposure.

Background: Studying anxiety, stress, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial to mitigate the negative effects associated with infection risk and disease consequences. Objective: This study aimed to investigate anxiety levels, stress perception, and coping strategies in relation to the presence of illness. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted anonymously among 3950 university students from Poland (1822), Lithuania (232), and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad (1896). Due to the nearly identical application of anti-epidemic measures, the respondents were treated as a unified group. The State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), and mini-COPE scale questionnaires were used. Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test to check normality, the Mann-Whitney U test for comparative analysis between groups, the Pearson χ2 test for categorical data, and Spearman coefficients for correlations between variables. Results: A significant proportion of young adults in the community exhibited symptoms of anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the 1212 men and 2738 women surveyed, 348 (28.7%) and 1020 (37.3%) individuals, respectively, were diagnosed with COVID-19 according to clinical protocols. Prolonged disease duration and more severe residual symptoms correlated with higher self-reported anxiety levels. Conclusions: The level of anxiety and stress varied depending on the duration of the disease, significantly impacting the choice of coping strategies. Overall, students displayed a proactive approach to coping activities but tended to postpone important decisions. Seeking social support was a prevalent coping mechanism, although respondents who had COVID-19 showed higher levels of concern for their own emotions, a tendency to discharge emotions through alcohol or other substances (male), and a greater reliance on religion (female). The study provides data that may be useful in developing educational and health policies focused on the mental well-being of university students and potentially other social groups.

Stress Perception and Coping Strategies of Students on Both Sides of the EU's Eastern Border during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim of the study was to compare the perception of stress and the characteristic coping-strategies among students in the context of the different anti-pandemic measures taken in Belarus, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. A cross-sectional online survey using standardized questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale-PSS-10 and Brief-COPE-Mini-COPE inventory) was conducted among 3113 students of seven universities in three neighboring regions on both sides of the eastern border of the EU. The groups that are the most prone to stress are the Polish and Russians students. Among the students from Belarus, 122 (13.7%) have high levels of stress symptoms. Among the respondents from Poland-238 (19.4%), and 191 (19.2%) from Kaliningrad have high levels of stress, respectively. The different approaches of the authorities to the COVID-19 pandemic diversified the choice of students' stress coping strategies. The behavior of the students from Kaliningrad and Poland was similar. The Belarusian students used active coping strategies less often, while an avoidance-focused style, and denial were more frequent. The neglect of restrictive anti-pandemic measures by the Belarusian students was manifested by a higher incidence of disease and minimal use of vaccinations.

Primary Healthcare Under Transformation in 3 Eastern European Countries: Quality Satisfaction as Rated by Students.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the reasons for student dissatisfaction with the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) in countries under healthcare system transformation (Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine) to identify reserves and make improvements. METHODS: A comparative multipopulation survey was translated, verified, and completed during face-to-face interviews during March 2019 to May 2019. There were 700 Humanities students included in this study to determine satisfaction with the quality of PHC provided by the family doctor. Satisfaction was assessed according to the availability of the doctor, the level of organization of the institution, the service process, the quality of the interaction with the doctor, adherence to the rights of patients, and any additional financial expense incurred by the patient. RESULTS: Politeness and attentiveness of doctors were rated highly. Dissatisfaction was associated with the negative attitude of medical personnel towards the patient. One in 10 respondents replied that medical confidentiality was not observed. More than 65% of students had paid for diagnostic tests/or treatments, and some respondents from Poland and Ukraine were asked by the doctor to pay for services without a receipt. CONCLUSION: Dissatisfaction with the quality of PHC in countries under transformation of the health system was largely due to ethical aspects of the doctor-patient relationship. Therefore, ethical standards need to be upheld and patients need to be aware of these standards using medical education materials covering the moral aspects of the relationship between medical personnel and patient.

Assessment of Socio-Health Determinants of Dental Check-Ups Among Students of Selected Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian Universities.

PURPOSE: Systematic dental check-ups play a vital role in maintaining good oral health. When oral examinations are performed as regularly as recommended, the dentist may be the first health care provider to diagnose a health problem in its early stages. The aim of the study was to identify and assess determinants of dental check-up among students of Suwalki (Poland), Grodno (Belarus) or Lviv (Ukraine) universities taking sociodemographic variables into account. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 2013 to 2016 among freshman students of Polish (n = 1245), Belarusian (n = 1012) and Ukrainian universities (n = 688). The study was performed with the diagnostic survey method, using a questionnaire designed by the authors. In order to identify the determinants of dental check-ups, logistic regression analysis was applied. RESULTS: A majority of students visited a dentist for a check-up at least once a year (32.7% twice a year; 41.0% once a year). Women from Belarus (OR 1.690; 95% CI: 1.256-2.273) or Poland (OR 1.832; 95% CI: 1.374-2.442) underwent dental check-ups with a higher frequency, as did students whose financial situation was very good or good (Belarus: OR 1.574; 95% CI: 1.184-2.093 or Poland OR 1.604; 95% CI: 1.227-2.096). Variables related to students' health behaviours, i.e. smoking, alcohol consumption or drug use, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of stomatological control examinations among students from Polish, Belarusian or Ukrainian universities is high. The frequency of dental examination among students is conditioned by sociodemographic factors. Regular check-ups at the dentist are more prevalent for women and those students from Polish or Belarusian universities who rated their financial situation as good or very good. In Belarusian or Ukrainian respondents, maintaining healthy eating habits was a positive predictor of dental check-up attendance, while in Polish students self-evaluation of health was a negative one.

The sources of calcium for noradrenaline-induced contraction in the human thoracic internal artery.

The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution of intracellular and extracellular calcium sources in contraction caused by noradrenaline (NA) of the human internal thoracic artery (ITA) in vitro. Distal segments of ITA were obtained from 20 patients (aged 38-73, at the time of routine coronary artery surgical revascularization (CABG)). Contractile responses to 10-6 mol/L NA in the physiological salt solution and in Ca2+-free solution without and after incubation with 10-6 mol/L thapsigargin (TSG) were recorded under isometric conditions. Responses of ITA rings to 1 µM NA without incubation with TSG accounted (% of reaction to 80 mM KCl) 224.70 ± 14.06% in PSS solution, 141.30 ± 8.66% in Ca2+-free solution, and 80.03 ± 1.71% after PSS restoration and were statistically significantly different (p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA). Responses of ITA rings to 1 µM NA with 1 µM TSG accounted (% of reaction to 80 mM KCl) 114.50 ± 2.79% in Ca2+-free solution and 36.70 ± 2.38% after PSS restoration. Responses in Ca2+-free solution and after PSS restoration without and with TSG were statistically significantly different (p = 0.0257 and p < 0.0001, respectively-t test). ITA contraction is caused by calcium derived not only from the SR and the extracellular matrix. The delivery of calcium to the space surrounding tissue does not immediately deliver calcium to the myofilaments.

Levels of vitamin C In the blood plasma patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting increases significantly after surgery.

One strong risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD), which affects the levels of vitamin C in the blood is cigarette smoking. The supplementary effects of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is smoking cessation by patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the level of vitamin C in the blood plasma one day before and one month after CABG. Human blood were collected from 20 patients (men); 1day before and 1 month after CABG. All patients were smoker and after CABG they declared their not smoking. The concentration of vitamin C in the blood plasma was assayed by FIA method with spectrophotometric detection. The mean value of the vitamin C concentration 1day before CABG was 12.36±2.84µmol/L (mean±SD), 1 month after CABG 40.07±10.95µmol/L (mean±SD). The average increase in the concentration of vitamin C was 3.27±0.73 times (mean±SD) and showed significant positive correlations (Pearson r=0.657, p=0.002). It should be consider incorporating the recommendations of preoperative smoking cessation for at least one month prior to CABG and/or additional supplementation. In addition it would be relevant to monitor the level of vitamin C in the patients' blood in the preoperative period.

Levels of l-ascorbic acid and cadmium in the saphenous vein of patients with coronary artery disease are negatively correlated.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was the simultaneous determination of levels of cadmium and l-ascorbic Acid (AA) in human saphenous vein (SV) used in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and check whether there is a relationship between these levels. METHODS: Human SV were collected from 40 patients (20 men and 20 women; age, 40-75 years) at the time of routine coronary artery surgical revascularization. The concentration of cadmium in the tissue was determined according to the GF AAS-atomic absorption method. The concentration of AA was assayed in supernatant by FIA method with spectrophotometric detection. RESULTS: AA concentration (mean±SD); men: 98,7±13,18µg/g tissue, women: 96,06±11,98µg/g tissue. Cadmium concentration(mean±SD); men: 309±103,71ng/g tissue, women: 348,5±255,71ng/g tissue. Correlations among concentrations of AA and cadmium were insignificant negative in the group of men (Pearson r=-0,1504, p=0,5269) and in the group women (Pearson r=-0339, p=0144). CONCLUSIONS: Negative correlations among concentrations of AA and cadmium in human SV obtained in our study may indicate a protective effect of this vitamin in relation to toxic cadmium.

Cu(II) complexation does not affect oxytocin action on pregnant human myometrium in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Copper may influence the in vivo and in vitro uterine activity. Recent evidence shows that cupric ions can easily form complexes with oligopeptides like oxytocin (OXT). The high complex stability in vitro suggests a possibility of complex formation in vivo. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro isometric contractions were recorded in uterine tissues from pregnant women undergoing caesarean sections and the effect of OXT and the Cu-OXT complex on isolated human pregnant myometrium was investigated. RESULTS: In the concentration range from 10(-14) to 10(-6)M of OXT alone, pre-formed Cu-OXT complex, and OXT following sample preincubation with Cu(II) salt, nosignificant differences were observed for the following parameters of pregnant uterine smooth muscle contraction: the area under the curve, frequency and amplitude of contraction. CONCLUSION: The binding of Cu(2+) ions does not abolish the ability of OXT to interact with oxytocin receptors and stimulate myometrial contraction in vitro.

[Evaluation studies of "Pro-health Programme for 2013-2016" implemented in State Higher Vocational School in Suwalki]. / Badania ewaluacyjne "Programu Prozdrowotnego na lata 2013-2016" wdrozonego w Panstwowej Wyzszej Szkole Zawodowej w Suwalkach.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation studies (evaluation) is an act of gathering, analyzing and assessing the data in order to supply knowledge necessary to take decisions about future actions. It is a process of systemic gathering of information on personnel, products as well as workings, characteristics and results of programmes. It is a systematized study, observation and interpretation of the data. The aim of the evaluation of Pro-health Programme implemented in State Higher Vocational School of Suwalki has been the assessment of students' attitudes and behaviours following the introduction of the programme. What we have been interested is whether the students got involved in the implementation of the programme and the manner in which activites conducted within the framework of the project have changed their lifestyle. These activities should be correlated with the students' participation in evaluation studies that make it possible to correct errors arising in the course of implementation of the pro-health programme and to diagnose problems as well as search for solutions adequately adjusted to the encountered ambiguities. MATERIAL AND THE METHODS: In the academic year 2013/2014 in prof. E. Szczepanik State Higher Vocational School of Suwalki an authorial survey reasearch on pro-health attitudes of students of selected medical fields of study. They were planned as long-standing activities (2013-2016) aimed at verification of students' pro-health attitudes in the researched higher education institute. As essential role of evaluation studies, forecasting long-term effects and intended or unintended outcomes that transcend the time and site of the implementation of the programme were the reasons for undertaking the studies described hereinbelow. RESULTS: Less than half of the researched students is of the opinion that the pro-health programme implemented in State Higher Vocational School fulfils its objectives. Moreover, an overwhelming majority of the respondents think that tasks implemented within the framework of the pro-health programme have had an influence on shaping their pro-health awareness. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Evaluation of pro-health awareness should lead to changes in pro-health attitudes of the surveyed population. 2. Both the experience gained during the health improving activities and the student evaluation questionnaire analysis should lead to strengthening the main motivating factors that promote health improving.

[Estimating the prevalence of tobacco addiction by a method of online survey among students from Lviv and Suwalki]. / Szacowanie rozpowszechnienia nalogu palenia tytoniu metoda ankiet online wsród studentów ze Lwowa i z Suwalk.

INTRODUCTION: Poland and Ukraine are countries with a common 535 km border as well as the same cultural roots. This is why we might determine that the young people from Ukraine and Poland would have the same behaviours. On the other hand, the Polish-Ukrainian border is the external border of the EU, and Polish' membership in the EU does change the model of behaviour. An interesting aspect of this joint research is that Poland is one of the EU countries that are exposed to the phenomenon of smuggling of tobacco products. It is determined by the location of the border with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, from which most of the illegal cigarettes in EU are smuggled. Usually, these cigarettes are destined for the countries of Western Europe and Poland is only a transit country. Recently though, it is more and more becoming a country of destination for cigarette smuggling. Therefore, in times when Ukraine plans to sign an association agreement with the European Union, it is interesting to examine the pro-health attitudes that are most common among young people living on both sides of the border. This is even more interesting that the study concerns not only cultural, but also economical issues, because inappropriate behaviors from childhood and young adulthood may be the cause of many future diseases such as stroke or heart attack. AIM OF THE RESEARCH: Estimating the prevalence of tobacco addiction using web-based surveys LimeSurvey among virtual research teams of students from Lviv and Suwalki. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the academic year 2012/2013 at the Medical University in Lviv and at the Higher State Vocational School in Suwalki a survey on the lifestyle of medical students of different majors was conducted with a special regard to smoking. RESULTS: Students from Lviv and Suwalki are characterized by the same moderate level of healthy lifestyle awareness and make the same mistakes concerning negative health effects. APPLICATION: Students of medical majors, despite higher-than-average knowledge on the correct healthy behaviors do not implement their knowledge to real life. It is necessary to pay more attention to this group of young people while carrying on health awareness programs as encouraging young people to lead a healthy lifestyle can significantly affect the reduction in the risk of lifestyle diseases.

[The importance of good practice in cross-border activities in Grodno and Suwalki]. / Znaczenie dobrych praktyk w transgranicznych dzialaniach prozdrowotnych uczelni z Grodna i z Suwalk.

INTRODUCTION: The study of college students of the eastern wall continued for a following year. The main objective of the study was to spread a jointly developed good practice, including the pro-health attitudes amongst students from selected universities in Grodno and Suwalki. Even though we are conducting joint research for the past several years only recently it became a part of common preventive measures prepared for the students of our Universities. There are still many questions as to whether behavioral models developed by virtual research groups based on subjective feelings and opinions of I and II year students are reliable and in which cases the surveyed knowledge gained reflects the actual needs of students. Many uncertainties also gathered around what tasks in preventive measures are imposed on universities, what should be the scope of its activities, and how they should proceed. Action resulting from the joint research was a thorough and objective diagnosis of students health, which goes well beyond the information available in the literature or statistical studies, therefore, to meet the expectations of the environment activities matched to the information obtained during the analysis needs. Attention was payed also to the economic aspect of the activities carried out within the framework of virtual research groups. Based on the example studied health-related activities in specific universities, it is concluded that in general they're operating in the field of different areas. Usually activities from one area such as cancer prevention and tobacco control involve others such as those related to poor nutrition. An example would be a program: "Prevention of cancer" is a series of measures aimed at preventing disease or other adverse phenomena sickness before the its development by controlling the causes and risk factors, which introduces University's flexible response to emerging health problems of the young generation of Belarusians and Poles. AIM OF THE TEST: Test the knowledge and health attitudes with the use of the Internet LimeSurvey survey system under the action of virtual research teams conducted amongst students from Grodno and Suwalki and implementing it into preventive measures. Materials and methods used once again, in the academic year 2012/2013 at the University. YankaKupala Grodno, Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation and the Health Institute at the University of the State Vocational School. prof. Edward Szczepanik. A survey was conducted in Suwalki on the lifestyle of students from chosen medical studies. Research results are translated into preventive measures. The results of students from Grodno and from Suwalki are characterized with an average level of awareness of a healthy way of life. They willingly take actions under prevention programs. (1) Students of medical subjects, despite higher-than-average knowledge on healthy behavioral models do not implement their knowledge to everyday life. (2) Activation of this group is necessary in the course of the Universities health programs as University's encouragement of healthy lifestyle can significantly affect the reduction of civilization disease risk.

Sexual initiation of youths in selected European countries compared with their sexual and contraceptive knowledge.

The problem of educating youths entering adult life is as old as the history of mankind. The data shown in the introduction indicate that the methods of education depend on culture, religion, climatic zone, and a whole chain of events characteristic for the place where the young man grows up. Research data, however, show that adolescents of the former Eastern Bloc use contraceptives significantly less often and have a more traditional approach to the relationships between a man and a woman. They are, however, more likely to engage in random sexual contacts and accompanied dangerous sexual behaviours. Polish youths have a more liberal approach to the norms concerning sexual activity. The age of sexual initiation lowers gradually, but not as radically as over the western border. These changes occur at a slower rate than in other European countries. Sexual education, which is supposed to prepare the young man, responsible and fully aware of his actions, for adult life, also develops at a slower rate.

[Bayesian network as a tool to study health behaviors of students from selected schools of Suwalki, Bialystok and Grodno]. / Siec bayesowska jako narzedzie do badania postaw prozdrowotnych studentów z wybranych uczelni Suwalk, Bialegostoku i Grodna.

UNLABELLED: A research project targeting college students of the eastern region was carried for the second straight year. The main objective of the study was to analyze the relation between smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use and students attitude towards health beaviours. The study drew attention to aspects of the importance of family ties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the academic year 2011/2012 in studies involving a total student 416 ie Suwalki -138 people, Bialystok 141 people and from Grodno 137 person. All surveys were carried out using a questionnaire PAV-10 - questionnaire consisting of questions single-and multiple-choice and specifications, using the same methodology for all virtual research teams. To establish a joint survey of the three universities online database system used LimeSurvey polls. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS and Excel. In this work the Bayesian network was use to assess the health behaviours among students and to analyze the differences in responses between selected universities. The study showed that the problem of active substances exists for all the analyzed schools and should be the base for the preparation of "the recovery plan". Among men, it is clearly a more serious one, as indicated by the number of the students answers. especially disturbing are the answers to the questions concerning the frequency of alcohol consumption. It is interesting result was obtained using the Bayesian network approach: there is a close correlation between the absence of the mother and the weight the responder was giving to components such as: career, travel, their health, and the health of their loved ones. It was clearly demonstrated that students without a mother value the most the health (their own and of their loved ones).

[The evaluation study of knowledge and attitudes related to smoking habit among students of Cosmetology]. / Badanie ewaluacyjne wiedzy oraz postaw wobec nalogu palenia papierosów wsród studentek kierunku Kosmetologia.

Modern European health education programmes place particular emphasis on the issue of tobacco-related diseases. It is a direct result of research studies showing that nicotine dependence and its consequences are a very important problem of modern European societies. In Poland the epidemic of chronic noncontagious diseases related to the inhalation of cigarette smoke remains a major health problem and a threat to public health condition. It is confirmed by a high number of premature deaths and complications following the course of malicious tumors, cardiovascular diseases, nonneoplastic respiratory diseases and by the deaths of infants born to mothers smoking during pregnancy. In 2006, first survey concerning smoking among university students was held at the Institute of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. Given all these arguments and the fact that the School is a medical university, in the 2006/2007 academic year a preventive health programme called "Healthy Bialystok 2006-2009" was introduced. It is addressed to both regular and extramural students of the following courses: Cosmetology, Emergency Medical, Nursing and Physiotherapy at the Institute of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. The main objective is to encourage students either not to smoke or give up smoking, and if this is impossible- to minimize the effects of smoking and to promote a healthy lifestyle. In the 2009/2010 academic year, the survey covered all first year students majoring in Cosmetology at the Institute of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. Test-takers were guaranteed anonymity. The questionnaire consisted of questions about the origins and reasons of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, environment of the surveyed, knowledge of tobacco-related diseases and attempts to give up the habit.

[Analysis of the phenomenon and the knowledge of smoking cigarettes among pupils and students]. / Analiza zjawiska i wiedzy na temat palenia papierosów wsród uczniów szkoly podstawowej, gimnazjum, liceum i studentów.

The aim of presented study was to comparison analysis the attitude related to smoking habit among pupils and students. Data was collected through questionnaire which was filled individually and independently by each respondent and additionally anonymity was guaranteed. Research covered group of 135 elementary school pupils, 131--high school, 106--grammar school and 294 students. The questionnaire covered such topics as: beginning and reasons for cigarettes smoking, the environment of surveyed and knowledge about diseases connected with smoking, trials to break smoking cigarettes.

[Comparison the phenomenon of smoking cigarettes among cosmetology students and personnel beauty salon from Podlaskie county]. / Porównanie zjawiska palenia tytoniu wsród studentek kierunku kosmetologia oraz pracowników salonów kosmetycznych z terenu województwa podlaskiego.

The aim of the study was to learn the attitude towards tobacco smoking of cosmetology students and personnel of beauty salon. This study was one of the results of the Preventive Medicine Program implemented at the University of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. Data was collected through questionnaire which was filled individually and independently by each respondent and additionally anonymity was guaranteed. Research covered group of 98 students and 100 women working in beauty salons.

[Analysis of the phenomenon of smoking cigarettes and reasons this phenomenon among the students in the Institute of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok]. / Analiza zjawiska palenia papierosów i przyczyn tego zjawiska wsród studentów Wyzszej Szkoly Kosmetologii i Ochrony Zdrowia w Bialymstoku.

The aim of the study was to learn the attitude towards tobacco smoking of students from medical and cosmetic sector. The study was one of the results of the Preventive Medicine Program "Prevention 2006-2009 " implemented at the University of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. Data was collected through questionnaire which was filled individually and independently by each respondent and additionally anonymity was guaranteed. Research covered group of 501 students in academic year of 2006/2007 and 362 students beginning their studies in 2007/2008 at the University of Cosmetology and Health Care from faculties as: cosmetology, medical rescue, physiotherapy and nursing. The questionnaire covered such topics as: beginning and reasons for cigarettes smoking, the environment of surveyed and attitude of future health service employees towards cigarettes smoking.

[The study of knowledge and attitudes related to smoking habit among students of chosen specializations in Poland and Belarus]. / Badanie wiedzy oraz postaw wobec nalogu palenia papierosów wsród studentów wybranych kierunków w Polsce i na Bialorusi.

Today, the essentials problem of society is addiction to smoking. The aim of presented study was a comparative analysis of knowledge and attitudes related to smoking habit among students of chosen specializations in Poland and Belarus. All information were collected from the pool questionnaire, which was filled in by each person independently. The questionnaire study was curried out on 806 people: 483 of them study on Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno and 323 of them study in The Institute of Cosmetology and Health Care in Bialystok. They were guaranteed anonymity. The research touched such questions as beginning and reasons of smoking, number of smoked cigarettes, about the environment of the interviewed persons, knowledge about diseases connected with smoking, trials to break smoking cigarettes.

[Biological role and importance in the skin metabolism of vitamin C]. / Biologiczne znaczenie witaminy C ze szczególnym z uwzglednieniem jej znaczenia w metabolizmie skóry.

Vitamins are a group of compounds indispensable for the development, normal growth and functioning of the human body. Lack of vitamins causes serious diseases for human, even though small amounts of them are required to maintain good health. Therefore there is growing interest conceding the role of vitamin C in biochemical-physiological conditions. This article reviews the role of water--soluble vitamin C in metabolic processes and discusses criteria used for recommended ingestion and presents recommendations for vitamin C intake. In the paper is discussed in detail the influence of level vitamin C (physico-chemical aspects) on the metabolism in skin.

[The phenomenon of spreading smoking cigarettes among the students in Institute of Cosmetology and Heath Care in Bialystok]. / Badanie rozpowszechnienia palenia tytoniu wsród studentów Wyzszej Szkoly Kosmetologii i Ochrony Zdrowia w Bialymstoku.

Tobacco smoking is one of the principal public Heath problems. The Word Heath Organization declared the addiction of tobacco smoking as a separate disease, International Classification of Diseases, ICD number F17. The health service workers play a huge part in establishing pro-health attitudes. They are expected to participate in campaigns promoting a tobacco-free lifestyle. It is important that the persons mentioned were nonsmokers. The main goal of the study was to estimate the phenomenon of spreading smoking cigarettes among the students and accomplishing their knowledge and awareness about threats resulting from tobacco smoking. The study was performed among 501 students. They answered questions concerning smoking and knowledge about nicotine dependence. The research touched such questions as conviction about damage caused by smoking, the source of information, causes and effects of smoking, about environment whether they are, the interviewee's smoking preventive activities.