Influence of prolactin and calcium gluconate concentration on permeation and intestinal absorption of Ca(II) ions.

The in vitro permeation and absorption of calcium ions across the small intestine were measured at different concentrations of calcium gluconate solutions (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mM) with or without prolactin. The calcium ions permeated through the small intestine from a donor environment to an acceptor environment that mimicked the conditions in the stomach to ileum segment of the digestive tract. The permeation and absorption of calcium were directly dependent on the calcium concentration of the solutions. At 10 and 20 mM permeation was significantly higher than that at 1.0 mM (p < 0.05). In the presence of prolactin both permeation and absorption increase considerably. At the lowest concentration (1.0 mM) simulating calcium deficiency, there was compensation by the small intestine, suggesting that such deficiency stimulates its mobilization from intestinal tissue. Prolactin enhances the calcium mobilization process even at sufficient calcium intakes. It is suggested that prolactin takes part in regulation of calcium homeostasis in the organism.

[The diuretic effect of cornflower water extract]. / Rugiageliu ziedu vandenines istraukos diurezinis veikimas.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of cornflower water extract and hydrochlorothiazide on diuresis, Na(+) and K(+) excretion, and the changes in the prostaglandin E(2) and kinins levels in the blood plasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used in all experiments. Animals were divided into nine groups. Diuretic activity was investigated according to the technique proposed by E. B. Berchin; urinary electrolyte contents were analyzed by flame photometry. Prostaglandin E(2) content was measured by radioimmunoassay using (3)H isotopes, kinins--by enzymatic methods. RESULTS: It has been established that in male rats, receiving hydrochlorothiazide, the volume of urine excreted two and four hours after the administration of the drug was by 18% and 17%, respectively, higher as compared to the rats that were given cornflower water extract (P<0.05). The diuretic effect of cornflower water extract was noted in the animal group receiving this extract as compared to the control group: after two hours, the volume of urine excreted increased from 2.03+/-0.03 mL to 2.44+/-0.04 mL and after four hours--from 3.88+/-0.07 mL to 5.35+/-0.1 mL. Administration of hydrochlorothiazide under the load of salts and water resulted in a higher excretion of sodium and potassium as compared to the effect of cornflower water extract. The highest prostaglandin levels were found in the blood plasma of the animals receiving hydrochlorothiazide. Under the load of salts and water, a 13% and 15% increase, respectively, in the amount of prostaglandins was observed in the animals that were given cornflower water extract compared to the control animals (P<0.05). The greatest increase in the amount of kinins was found in the groups of animals that were given hydrochlorothiazide under the load of salts and water (14% and 22%, respectively). Kinin levels did not differ statistically significantly between the control group and the groups receiving cornflower water extract. CONCLUSION: Cornflower water extract possesses diuretic activity, but its effect was lower than that of hydrochlorothiazide.

[Development of technology of sodium cromoglycate eye drops]. / Natrio kromoglikato akiu lasu technologijos sukurimas.

UNLABELLED: Ophthalmologic preparation of sodium cromoglycate can be successfully employed both as a preventive means and as a treatment of allergic eye diseases. The objective of this research was to select the composition of sodium cromoglycate eye drops and to develop the technology using which it would be possible to produce aqueous and prolonged-release sodium cromoglycate eye drops. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sodium cromoglycate 2% and 4% solution-eye drops; sodium cromoglycate 4% solution--prolonged-release eye drops. In order to evaluate the quality and stability of these eye drops methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis were applied. RESULTS: On the basis of the research data compositions of 2% and 4% sodium cromoglycate eye drops and prolonged-release sodium cromoglycate 4% eye drops were chosen. Experimental batches were prepared and investigated according to developed experimental schemes of technologies of 2% and 4% sodium cromoglycate eye drops and prolonged-release sodium cromoglycate 4% eye drops. Technological properties of polymeric substances, i.e. hypromellose and polyvinyl alcohol, and their solutions were evaluated. The obtained results showed that polyvinyl alcohol improved the solubility of sodium cromoglycate in water. For sterile filtration of the viscous solution of prolonged-release sodium cromoglycate eye drops the filtration system of two prefilters and sterilizing membrane filter was developed and optimal temperature of 35-40 degrees C of filtered solution was determined.

[Study of biopharmaceutic characteristics of cromoglycate eye drops]. / Natrio kromoglikato akiu lasu biofarmaciniu charakteristiku tyrimas.

One of the factors influencing the release of active substance from the drug formulation is presence of polymeric substance resulting in increase of viscosity of eye drops. Diffusion of sodium cromoglycate from polyvinyl alcohol 1.4%, 3% solutions and hypromellose 1% aqueous solution was investigated using in vitro method and diffusion coefficients were evaluated. Release of sodium cromoglycate from polyvinyl alcohol 1.4%, 3% solutions and hypromellose 1% aqueous solution was slower than the release from aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate. The sodium cromoglycate diffusion from ophthalmic vehicle process kinetics was influenced by viscosity of these solutions and nature of the used polymers. The diffusion process of sodium cromoglycate from 1.4% PVA solution was more intensive if compared to diffusion from 1% hypromellose solution. The influence of excipients on sodium cromoglycate diffusion from eye drop formulation was evaluated when polymeric solutions have been used as vehicles.

[Development of formulation of hipromellose eye drops (artificial tears)]. / Hipromeliozes akiu lasu (dirbtines asaros) technologijos sukurimas.

The task of this research work was to develop a formulation of hipromellose ophthalmic preparation by determining optimal composition of active ingredients and excipients. Aqueous solution of hipromellose 1% and sorbitol 4.5% was prepared with addition of phosphate buffer (pH 7.05) and preservative cetrimide 0.01%. Sterile filtration was used for solution sterilization. Polimeric membrane prefilters of 1 microm, 0.45 microm and 0.22 microm pore size were employed as sterilizing filter. It is recommended to increase the temperature up to 35-38 degrees C for more efficient filtration of the solution. Quality parameters and analytical methods for quality control have been developed to control the quality and to evaluate the stability of hipromellose eye drops during their storage for 24 months. The obtained results confirmed the sterility and stability of hipromellose eye drops for the period of two years.

[Development of intranasal lactocin (oxytocin) drops technology]. / Laktocino (oksitocino) intranazaliniu lasu technologijos sukurimas.

Pure oxytocin substance was obtained from posterior part of cattle pituitary gland by high pressure liquid chromatography. Biological activity of the substance--450-500 IU/mg. Chromatographically pure Oxytocin substance was used in developing two different compositions of Lactocin intranasal drops (40 IU/ml). Stability evaluation was performed for 2 year period. The technical documentation was prepared on the basis of the research results. Lactocin is active preparation helping lactation and is indicated for lactostasis treatment and its prophylaxis after delivery.

[Development of formulations of desmopressin intranasal drops]. / Dezmopresino intranazaliniu lasu technologijos sukurimas.

In recent years synthetic vasopressin analogues (particularly desmopressin) emerged as safe and effective representatives of this class of drugs for same clinical indications as natural hormone. It was imperative to create intranasal drug form using synthetic desmopressin compound. The purpose of this work was to develop formulations of intranasal desmopressin drug using synthetic active compound with optimal composition. Aquatic desmopressin intranasal solution was prepared in 0.05 mg/ml concentration using phosphate buffer (pH 4.5-5.5) and following preservatives: nipagin-nipazol 7:3--0.1% or benzalkonium chloride 0.01%. Sterility is the main condition for intranasal drops and hormones as a raw material are thermolabile so it is not possible to apply a thermic sterilisation. Polymeric membrane filters of 0.22 micron pore size were employed as sterilizing filters. In order to control the quality, to determine the stability of desmopressin intranasal drops at long-lasting storage (24 months) and to evaluate the influence of the technological factors we have developed the analytical methods of quality control. According to our quality control data, desmopressin intranasal drops are stable for two years and remain sterile during storage and administration of the drug.

[Hormonal anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic ocular drugs and their use (review of the literature)]. / Hormoniniai priesuzdegiminiai-antialerginiai oftalmologiniai vaistai ir ju vartojimas (literaturos apzvalga).

Recent reports have shown a worldwide increase of allergic diseases during the past 10-20 years. One of the risk factors of allergic diseases is atmospheric pollution. Ocular allergic disorders contain 2-15 percents of all allergic diseases. Corticosteroids have been useful in control of inflammatory and immunologic diseases of the eye. The anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids are nonspecific and they inhibit inflammation without regard to cause. Topical therapy is effective in anterior segment of eye. New modes of delivering a drug to the eyes are being actively explored. Formulation characteristics markedly increase drug residence time in the eye and absorption. The difficulty for drugs to penetrate through the cornea is combined with their rapid removal through the tear system and their dilution by reflex tearing.