[Role of single-photon emission-computed tomography and x-ray computed tomography in diagnosing lymphatic metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer].

Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) with 99mTc-MIBI was performed after conventional staging in 83 operated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Diagnostic results of SPECT and conventional computerized tomography (CT) staging were validated by histological examinations of operation material. According to histological verification 35 of 83 evaluated patients had lymph node (LN) invasion by NSCLC. SPECT detected LN involvement in 28 of these 35 patients and was false positive in additional 16 patients. Pneumonia or atelectasis were detected in 12 of 16 patients with false positive SPECT results. Sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Sp), accuracy (Ac), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of SPECT in diagnosis of LN invasion by NSCLC was as follows: 80%, 66%, 72%, 65%, 82%. Diagnostic accuracy of CT for detection of LN involvement was inferior to SPECT: Sen--71%, Sp--62%, Ac--66%, PPV--58%, NPV--75%. Combination of SPECT and CT data offer promising solutions with Sen reached 94% or high Sp which in patients without atelectasis or pneumonia can reach 96%.

[Immunohistochemical prognostic factors of primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma].

In order to identify immunohistochemical markers associated with primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma, 20 patients with primary refractory form at stage IIAB in complete remission underwent histological examination and immunohistochemical determination of Bcl-6, Bcl-2, c-kit (CD117), CD15, CD30, P-53, Ki-67. In the group with primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma at stage IIAB Bcl-6 expression was found in 2 patients (10%), Bcl-2 in 14 patients (70%), c-kit (CD117) in 16 patients (80%), CD15 in 9 patients (45%). The expression of CD30 and P-53 was observed in all patients in this group (100%). The expression of Ki-67 ranged from 20% to 100%, 80-100% in 16 patients (80%). As a result, multivariate analysis revealed no immunohistochemical markers of primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. In univariate and multivariate analyzes in a group of primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma a high level P-53 expression (80-100%) was significantly associated with decreased overall survival. A 5-year overall survival in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma with the expression level of P-53 < 80% was 78%, with the expression level of P-53 80-100%-22%. A 5-year overall survival of Hodgkin's lymphoma primary patients in complete remission significantly exceeded the rates of patients with primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma--100% vs. 52%.

[Effectiveness of mammary scintigraphy for determining the results of neoadjuvant polychemotherapy in breast cancer].

Analysis of mammoscintigraphy is presented to assess the effectiveness of neoadjuvant polychemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. In 90% of patients there is defined conformity of scintigraphy data on the effectiveness of performed polychemotherapy to the results of histologic examination of the postoperative material. The sensitivity of scintigraphy in assessing the effectiveness of neoadjuvant polychemoterapy was 83.3%, specificity--87.9%, accuracy--86.3%, predictive value of positive and negative results-78.9% and 90.1%, respectively. Mammoscintigraphy is an effective method to control the response of locally advanced breast cancer to neoadjuvant polychemotherapy.

[Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the mediastinum].

The paper describes a rare case of mediastinal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma characterized by a population of fusiform cells, metaplastic osteogenesis, and aggressive behavior. A 5.5x4-cm encapsulated mass was found in the anterior mediastinum of a 19-year-old female patient. A bone density tumor was sealed with lung tissue and it occluded the lumen of the left subclavian vein. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of foci of the so-called "blister cells" typical of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, anastomosing chains of epithelioid cells in the microhyaline stroma, diffusely located bone trabeculae, and hemorrhagic stroma. Fusiform cells were present in considerable quantities. A moderate cellular and nuclear polymorphism occurred when mitotic figures were absent. Tumor cells expressed Flil, vimentin, CD31, and CD34. Multiple metastases were detected in the liver and lung. They had the similar morphology.

[Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor in a newborn]. / Melanoticheskaia neiroéktodermal'naia opukhol' u novorozhdennogo.

The tumor consists of two types of cells: small with abundant processes cells capable of dividing and probably being neuroblasts, and the big melanocytes forming bands and glandular-like structures. Tumor cells (mainly melanocytes) express pancytokeratins, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin and melanin antigen. These data are the additional indication that melanotic neuroectodermal tumor is the derivative of the neural crest.

[The morphogenetic potentials of endometrial and ovarian tumor cells when cultured on soft agar]. / Morfogeneticheskie potentsii kletok opukholei éndometriia i iaichnikov pri kul'tivirovanii v miagkom agare.

Morphofunctional peculiarities of tumor cells from 15 endometrial adenocarcinomas and 2 ovarian tumors have been investigated at the ultrastructural level. These cells could develop two types of colonies in soft agar: those with histotypical differentiation (numerous microvilli, well developed tight junctions, desmosomes, secretory granules), and those without it (absence of epithelial features, ability of tumor cells to produce filamentous extracellular matrix and striated collagen fibrils which are characteristic of fibroblastic cells). The addition of progesterone and tamoxifen to cell cultures resulted in rising the level of cell differentiation in the colonies. The fact that endometrial and ovarian cancer cells can express the properties specific of connective tissue cells may suggest a multipotention of the Mullerian epithelium derivatives to shed light on the histogenesis of the mixed Mullerian tumors of uterus.

[An electron microscopic study of the behavioral characteristics of human lung tumor cells cultured on soft agar]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie osobennostei povedeniia kletok opukholei legkogo cheloveka, kul'tiviruemykh v miagkom agare.

The ultrastructure of cells from seven human lung cancers and from the colonies formed by these cells in soft agar was investigated. Tumor cells developed to display the morphofunctional potentials of the initial tumors. Cultured cells of squamous-cell carcinomas contained numerous tonofilaments, those of adenocarcinomas developed microvilli on their apical surfaces and intracellular lumens. On the other hand, cells of squamous-cell carcinomas showed features specific of adenoma epithelium, i.e. well developed microvilli and intracellular lumens. Besides, cells of adenocarcinoma often contained large quantities of tonofilaments considered to be characteristic of epidermoid epithelium. The results obtained suggest a possibility of metaplastic transformation of the lung epithelium.

[The potential and actual growth rate of breast cancer]. / Potentsial'naia i fakticheskaia skorost' rosta raka molochnoi zhelezy.

Potential and actual rates of tumor growth were assayed in 13 patients with primary breast cancer. Potential growth rate was calculated according to proliferative activity as assessed by histoautoradiography whereas actual growth--on the basis of changes in tumor size observed on mammograms obtained through the course of the disease. Actual tumor doubling time proved 22.8 times longer (which means that tumors grew slower) than that suggested by proliferative activity. Cell loss at the average rate of 95.5% proved the main reason accounting for the difference. The proliferative activity in regional lymph node metastases measured in 3 patients simultaneously with the primary tumor assay was 3.9 times higher.

[Morphogenesis and histogenesis of experimental malignant hemangioendothelioma]. / Morfogenez i gistogenez éksperimental'noi zlokachestvennoi gemangioéndoteliomy.

Film preparations, various histological stains, autohistoradiography and electron microscopy were used to study morphologic changes occurring in the course of formation of vascular kidney tumors in male CBA mice after subcutaneous injection of 1.2-dimethylhydrazine. Twenty-thirty animals were examined every 4 weeks up to 45-50 weeks. In mice, renal capsule (site of malignant hemangioendothelioma growth) is avascular. Blood vessels developed due to "formation of lumen" in bands of anastomosed cells. Endothelium of the newly formed vessels originated from multipotent mesenchymal cells. Also, intracytoplasmic formation of vascular lumens was observed. The initial neoplastic vascular structure (telangiectases) were registered after 20-30 weeks. They were composed of markedly atypical cells characterized by columnar shape, high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and high proliferative activity. Further progression was associated with the development of cavernous hemangioma-like tumors bearing cytologic signs of malignancy as well as well- and poorly-differentiated hemangioendotheliomas.

[Morphology of experimental malignant hemangioendothelioma]. / Morfologiia éksperimental'noi zlokachestvennoi gemangioéndoteliomy.

Various histological stains, histoautoradiography and electron microscopy were used to study the morphologic features of 77 malignant hemangioendotheliomas induced in CBA mice with subcutaneously injected 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The histologic and cytologic structure of those tumors proved similar to those of malignant hemangioendothelioma in man. The ability of tumor cells to form vascular structures and degree of their neoplastic atypia were used to identify three types of neoplasia: "cavernous hemangioma" with cytologic signs of malignity and well- and poorly--differentiated malignant hemangioendotheliomas. Due to high rate of tumor development and inevitable growth in the renal capsule which makes tumor easy to detect at early stage, the model offers promise for evaluating morphogenesis of malignant hemangioendothelioma.

[Spontaneous tumors in rats from the Rappolovo Breeding Nursery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR]. / Spontannye opukholi u krys razvodki pitomnika "Rappolovo" AMN SSSR.

The authors report the data on the incidence of neoplasms in rats of the "Rappolovo" nursery breeding (USSR Acad. Med. Sci.) and their offsprings during 4 sequential generations kept in the vivarium of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. The frequency of spontaneous tumors in 213 male and 230 female rats was 25.8 and 35.7% accordingly. Totally, male animals developed 65 tumors, females--114. over 80% of all neoplasms developed in animals older than 18 months. The frequency of neoplasms of separate localizations in males and females was as follows: the hypophysis--7.0 and 12.6% correspondingly; the mammary gland--0.5 and 11.7%, the thyroid (thyroidal epithelium) - 1.4 and 3.0% and (light cells) 5.6 and 8.3%; the adrenal cortex--0.5 and 1.3%; the hematopoietic system --7.0 and 5.6%; parasitic sarcomas of the abdominal cavity --5.6 and 3.0%; the skin --0.4 and 0.4%; soft tissues --0.9 and 0%; the liver--0.4 and 0.4%; the kidneys --0.4 and 0.4%. Moreover, one male showed seminal vesicle tumor, and females-solitary neoplasms of the pancreas and salivary gland, the dura mater, the ovary and uterus. Significant differences were revealed in the frequency of spontaneous neoplasms in separate rat generations.

[Changes in the enterocyte population kinetics during the process of development of intestinal tumors in rats]. / Izmeneniia kinetiki populiatsii enterotsitov v protsesse razvitiia opukholei kishechnika u krys.

Changes in proliferation of the enterocytes from the descendent colon at different developmental stages of tumours induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied. As a result of carcinogen-induced disturbances in enetrocyte differentiation, the proliferative crypt zone was seen broadening, the proliferative cells appearing even in the mouths of the crypts. Further, these very superficial parts of the crypts proved to be the sites of carcinoma development in situ. During the tumour induction, the majority of enterocytes display short mitotic cycles which are somewhat longer than in the normal colon. The DMH treatment, even at early stages of the experiment, leads to the appearance of a high occurrence (up to 50--60%) of abnormal mitoses in enterocytes.

[Kinetics of populations of enterocytes of experimental tumors of the large intestine in rats]. / Osobennosti kinetiki populiastsii énterotsitov éksperimental'nykh opukholei tolstoi kishki krys.

With the aid of histoautoradiography, the proliferation of enterocytes in rat intestinal adenocarcinomas induced with subcutaneous treatment by 1,2-dimethylhydrozine has been studied. The experimental adenocarcinomas are characterized by a high proliferative activity being, however, lower than that in the proliferative zone of the normal intestinal crypt. The parameters of adenocarcinoma proliferation are very close to those of a cell population from the bottom part of crypts in the control animals. This population involves several subpupulations and it is here that stem enterocytes occur. The tumour enterocytes are characterized by the enlargement of short mitotic cycle from 11 to 16 hours, due, mainly, to the prolongation of G1 phase as well as to a more pronounced degree of heterogeneity in relation to the mean tS and tG2 and, probably, to the appearnace of subpopulation R2.

[Regeneration of the gastric mucosa under conditions of massive blood loss]. / Regeneratsiia slizistoi obolochki zheludka v usloviiakh massivnoi krovopoteri

The autoradiographic method was used for a comparative study of regeneration of the gastric mucosa after wounding the rat with a preliminary loss of blood and without it. The H3-thymidin label index was determined in the portions of the mucosa of the wound edge and far from it. A histological analysis of healing the wounds failed to reveal any difference in terms of this process in rats with a loss of blood and without it. A momentary massive loss of blood did not influence the strain and intracellular regeneration processes in the healing wound of the stomach: the amount of cells synthesizing DNA at the edges of the gastrotonic wound proved to be the same in experiments both with a loss of blood and without it. The authors believe that it may serve as an indirect evidence of a somewhat exaggerated danger of surgery at the height of gastroduodenal bleeding.