Intra-abdominal hypertension due to heparin - induced retroperitoneal hematoma in patients with ventricle assist devices: report of four cases and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has been identified as a cascade of pathophysiologic changes leading in end-organ failure due to decreasing compliance of the abdomen and the development of abdomen compartment syndrome (ACS). Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH) is a rare clinical entity seen almost exclusively in association with anticoagulation states, coagulopathies and hemodialysis; that may cause ACS among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and if treated inappropriately represents a high mortality rate. CASE PRESENTATION: We report four patients (a 36-year-old Caucasian female, a 59-year-old White-Asian male, a 64-year-old Caucasian female and a 61-year-old Caucasian female) that developed an intra-abdominal hypertension due to heparin-induced retroperitoneal hematomas after implantation of ventricular assist devices because of heart failure. Three of the patients presented with dyspnea at rest, fatigue, pleura effusions in chest XR and increased heart rate although b-blocker therapy. A 36-year old female (the forth patient) presented with sudden, severe shortness of breath at rest, 10 days after an "acute bronchitis". At the time of the event in all cases international normalized ratio (INR) was <3.5 and partial thromboplastin time <65 sec. The patients were treated surgically, the large hematomas were evacuated and the systemic manifestations of the syndrome were reversed. CONCLUSION: Identifying patients in the ICU at risk for developing ACS with constant surveillance can lead to prevention. ACS is the natural progression of pressure-induced end-organ changes and develops if IAP is not recognized and treated in a timely manner. Failure to recognize and appropriately treat ACS is fatal while timely intervention - if indicated - is associated with improvements in organ function and patient survival. Means for surgical decision making are based on clinical indicators of adverse physiology, rather than on a single measured parameter.

Solitary metastatic adenocarcinoma of the sternum treated by total sternectomy and chest wall reconstruction using a Gore-Tex patch and myocutaneous flap: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The consequences of bone metastasis are often devastating. Although the exact incidence of bone metastasis is unknown, it is estimated that 350,000 people die of bone metastasis annually in the United States. The incidence of local recurrences after mastectomy and breast-conserving therapy varies between 5% and 40% depending on the risk factors and primary therapy utilized. So far, a standard therapy of local recurrence has not been defined, while indications of resection and reconstruction considerations have been infrequently described. This case report reviews the use of sternectomy for breast cancer recurrence, highlights the need for thorough clinical and radiologic evaluation to ensure the absence of other systemic diseases, and suggests the use of serratus anterior muscle flap as a pedicle graft to cover full-thickness defects of the anterior chest wall. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 70-year-old Caucasian woman who was referred to our hospital for the management of a retrosternal mediastinal mass. She had undergone radical mastectomy in 1999. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 74.23 x 37.7 x 133.6-mm mass in the anterior mediastinum adjacent to the main pulmonary artery, the right ventricle and the ascending aorta. We performed total sternectomy at all layers encompassing the skin, the subcutaneous tissues, the right pectoralis major muscle, all the costal cartilages, and the anterior part of the pericardium. The defect was immediately closed using a 0.6 mm Gore-Tex cardiovascular patch combined with a serratus anterior muscle flap. Our patient had remained asymptomatic during her follow-up examination after 18 months. CONCLUSION: Chest wall resection has become a critical component of the thoracic surgeon's armamentarium. It may be performed to treat either benign conditions (osteoradionecrosis, osteomyelitis) or malignant diseases. There are, however, very few reports on the results of full-thickness complete chest wall resections for locally recurrent breast cancer with sufficient safety margins, and even fewer reports that describe the operative technique of using the serratus anterior muscle as a pedicled flap.

Video-assisted versus open pulmonary metastasectomy: the surgeon's finger or the radiologist's eye?

OBJECTIVE: The use of VATS metastasectomy remains controversial because of doubt surrounding its ability to remove palpable but CT occult lesions. We aim to evaluate our policy of elective VATS and compare it with our results with open metastasectomy. METHODS: Pulmonary metastasectomy was performed for metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma in 52 patients: 27 open and 25 VATS over 8 years. The age and sex distribution was similar: median age was 66 for open and 69 years for VATS, p=0.48, 70% male in open and 64% male in VATS, p=0.31. Liver metastases were present in 37% in the open and 32% in the VATS group, p=0.46. The choice of surgical approach was dependent on the distance of the lesion from the surface of the lung. We examined the survival using the Kaplan-Meier method and we tested for differences in the incidence of missed lesions, pulmonary disease progression and repeat metastasectomy. RESULTS: There was no in-hospital mortality. There was no difference in the incidence of missed lesions (1 in VATS, none in open, p=0.48), pulmonary disease progression (11 in open, 9 in VATS, p=0.47) or recurrence in the same lobe (4 in open, 3 in VATS, p=0.54). Median follow-up was 22 (1-70) months and there was no difference to the estimated actuarial survival. Mean survival for the open group was 47 months, SE 6 with 95% CI 36-59 months and mean survival for the VATS group 35.4 months, SE 3 with 95% CI 30-41.3 months. The estimated 1- and 2-year survival was 90% and 80% for open and 90% and 72% for VATS. CONCLUSIONS: The selective use of VATS therapeutic metastasectomy in conjunction with multi-detector CT is justified in metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. The insertion of the surgical digit is not mandatory. Trust the radiologist's eye.