Current iodine nutrition status in Poland (2017): is the Polish model of obligatory iodine prophylaxis able to eliminate iodine deficiency in the population?

OBJECTIVE: The monitoring of the populations' iodine status is an essential part of successful programmes of iodine deficiency elimination. The current study aimed at the evaluation of current iodine nutrition in school children, pregnant and lactating women as a marker of the effectiveness and sustainability of mandatory iodine prophylaxis in Poland. DESIGN: The following iodine nutrition indicators were used: urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (all participants) and serum thyroglobulin (pregnant and lactating women). SETTING: The study was conducted in 2017 within the National Health Programme in five regions of Poland. PARTICIPANTS: The research included 300 pregnant women, 100 lactating women and 1000 school children (aged 6-12 years). RESULTS: In pregnant women, median UIC was 111·6 µg/l; there was no significant difference in median UIC according to the region of residence. In 8 % of pregnant women, thyroglobulin level was >40 ng/ml (median thyroglobulin 13·3 ng/ml). In lactating women, median UIC was 68·0 µg/l. A significant inter-regional difference was noted (P = 0·0143). In 18 % of breastfeeding women, thyroglobulin level was >40 ng/ml (median thyroglobulin 18·5 ng/ml). According to the WHO criteria, the investigated sample of pregnant and lactating women was iodine-deficient. Median UIC in school children was 119·8 µg/l (with significant inter-regional variation; P = 0·0000), which is consistent with iodine sufficiency. Ninety-four children (9·4 %) had UIC < 50 µg/l. CONCLUSIONS: Mandatory iodisation of household salt in Poland has led to a sustainable optimisation of iodine status in the general population. However, it has failed to assure adequate iodine nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

Carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin in metabolic complications of human obesity and prediabetes.

BACKGROUND: Carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-OC) participates in bone remodeling, whereas the undercarboxylated form (Glu-OC) takes part in energy metabolism. This study was undertaken to compare the blood levels of Glu-OC and Gla-OC in nonobese, healthy obese, and prediabetic volunteers and correlate it with the metabolic markers of insulin resistance and early markers of inflammation. METHODS: Nonobese (body mass index [BMI] <30 kg/m2 ; n = 34) and obese subjects (30

Obesity and body fat classification in the metabolic syndrome: impact on cardiometabolic risk metabotype.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a key factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. We investigated whether obesity classification by BMI and body fat percentage (BF%) influences cardiometabolic profile and dietary responsiveness in 486 MetS subjects (LIPGENE dietary intervention study). DESIGN AND METHODS: Anthropometric measures, markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, adhesion molecules, and hemostatic factors were determined at baseline and after 12 weeks of four dietary interventions (high saturated fat (SFA), high monounsaturated fat (MUFA), and two low fat high complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diets, one supplemented with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs)). RESULTS: About 39 and 87% of subjects classified as normal and overweight by BMI were obese according to their BF%. Individuals classified as obese by BMI (≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BF% (≥ 25% (men) and ≥ 35% (women)) (OO, n = 284) had larger waist and hip measurements, higher BMI and were heavier (P < 0.001) than those classified as nonobese by BMI but obese by BF% (NOO, n = 92). OO individuals displayed a more proinflammatory (higher C reactive protein (CRP) and leptin), prothrombotic (higher plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)), proatherogenic (higher leptin/adiponectin ratio) and more insulin resistant (higher HOMA-IR) metabolic profile relative to the NOO group (P < 0.001). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were lower post-intervention in NOO individuals compared with OO subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, assessing BF% and BMI as part of a metabotype may help to identify individuals at greater cardiometabolic risk than BMI alone.

Dietary patterns as risk factors of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: Nutritional factors are known to be important in the development of different metabolic diseases. The history of nodular or diffuse goiter is closely related to risk of thyroid carcinoma. On account of the function of the thyroid gland, many studies focus on iodine intake. The aim of the study was to assess whether dietary patterns could be risk factors of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. MATERIAL/METHODS: The case-control study was based on a questionnaire, which included information about dietary patterns and was carried out on 284 patients comprising 30 males (mean age 58.4±13.7 years), and 254 females (mean age 52.1±13.8 years), as well as 345 randomly selected controls: 58 males (mean age 60.2±12 years) and 287 females (mean age 53.4±14.3 years) randomly selected from the Population Register and adjusted by age and gender to the group of TC. The main groups of nutritional products, i.e. starchy foods, meat, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and beverages, were analyzed. RESULTS: Consumption of vegetables, fruits, saltwater fish and cottage cheese was significantly lower in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma than in controls, quite the contrary to starchy foods, especially white bread. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns appear to modify the risk of thyroid carcinoma. A diet rich in vegetables and fruit, as well as saltwater fish (a source of iodine) and low-fat meat, could be an important protective factor.

Incretins yesterday, pleiotropic gastrointestinal hormones today:glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).

Incretins, which are insulinotropic gastrointestinal hormones, are produced mainly in K and L cells of the small intestine under the influence of nutritional stimuli. The best known incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These hormones perform several functions: they stimulate insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cells; they inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the pancreas (GIP not in humans); they slow down gastric emptying and may directly suppress appetite; and, moreover, they indirectly increase peripheral glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity. The insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects of GLP-1 are glucose dependent. The incretins also have numerous other properties which are still being discovered and introduced in different branches of medicine. The patents mentioned in this work concern the use of incretins in diabetology, cardiology, gastroenterology and nuclear medicine. The pleiotropic effects of incretins offer therapeutic possibilities in numerous fields of medicine.

[Leptin to adiponectin ratio, as an index of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis development]. / Stosunek stezenia adiponektyny i leptyny w surowicy krwi, jako wskaznik ryzyka rozwoju insulinoopornosci i miazdzycy.

Obesity is an effect of interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It leads to development of serious complications, like insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. The adipose tissue is a place where many adipokines, mainly leptin and adiponectin, are produced and released. Adiponectin, which blood level is decreased in obesity is considered to have antidiabetic and antiatherogenic effect. While leptin, which blood level is increased in obesity, is associated with regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, lipids and carbohydrates metabolism, cellular differentiation and puberty. The aim of this research was estimation of leptin to adiponectin ratio (Lep/AdipoR) in the blood of patients who came from obese families. The study was carried out on 80 patients (43 female and 37 male). The antropometric examination with proportional contents of adipose tissue, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and oral postprandial lipaemia test (OPLT) were performed. The fasting level of leptin (Elisa), adiponectin (Elisa) and von Willebrand factor (Elisa) lipidogram were performed. During OGTT blood was sampled in intervals of 30 minutes up to 2 hours, to measure glucose and insulin concentration. In fasting state and then every 2 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (OPLT), (0, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 8 hours) blood was sampled for: trigliceride, glucose, free fatty acids and insulin concentration. The insulin resistance ratio (HOMA-IR) was calculated for each patient according to the formula: [insulin (mU/ml) x glucose (mmol/l)]/22.5. Adiponectin blood level was higher in the examined women than in men. It (regardless to the sex) was decreased with decrease of body mass index (BMI). Blood level of leptin (also higher in women) was positively corelated with BMI. In the group of patients with low level of adiponectin in serum (below 5mg/ml in men and 10 mg/ml in women) the highest con- centration of glucose and insulin in successive time points of OGTT and the highest HOMA-IR value (4.79 in men and 4.38 in women) were observed. In patients with high level of leptin in serum (over 20 ng/ml), the highest concentration of insulin, especially in 2 hours of the test (101.75 micromol/ l), and the highest HOMA-IR value (4.30 during OPLT ) were found. The Lep/AdipoR in the blood was significantly higher in obese patients in comparison to people with normal BMI. Lep/AdipoR had high correlation factor with BMI (r = 0.6267, p < 0.001), with HOMA-IR (r = 0.5080, p < 0.001), with fasting insulin concentration (r = 0.5444, p < 0.001), and in 2 hour of OPLT (r = 0.5552, p < 0.001). ROC analysis (Receiver or Relative Operating Characteristic) showed that with reference to obesity Lep/AdipoR had the highest discriminatory value. The estimation of Lep/AdipoR can be used as additional index in evaluation of obesity complications such as insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction.

[Preliminary studies on presence of antineuronal antibodies in serum of patients with Lyme borreliosis]. / Wstepne badania dotyczace obecnosci przeciwcial anty-neuronalnych w surowicach od chorych z borelioza z Lyme.

Wide spectrum of autoantibodies reactive against neuronal antigens was detected in sera of 32 of 50 studied patients with Lyme borreliosis. This may be potentially of importance in the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis.

Graves' disease as an immune reconstitution syndrome in an HIV-1-positive patient commencing effective antiretroviral therapy: case report and literature review.

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but it may also alter the clinical course of subclinical opportunistic infections and can even induce autoimmune disease. These atypical presentations are known as immune restoration disease (IRD), immune reconstitution syndrome/immune recovery syndrome (IRS), or immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We report the case of a 27-year-old, HIV-1-positive woman who developed hyperthyroidism attributable to Graves' disease (GD) after commencing potent cART. At the initiation of cART, her CD4 T cell count was 15 cells/microL and plasma HIV RNA 35 000 copies/mL. Her commencement of cART resulted in complete viral suppression and subsequent improvement of the CD4 T-cell count. Three years later, the diagnosis of GD was established based on a typical clinical picture and the results of hormonal and immunological analyses. It coincided with a 58-fold rise of the CD4 T cells. Retrospective analysis of serum samples revealed normal thyroid function and lack of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti- thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (anti-TSHR), and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) autoantibodies at the beginning of cART. HLA class II gene examination did not reveal susceptibility for the GD development in this patient. We suggest that GD in our patient was an IRD, and advise this as a possible differential diagnosis in patients presenting with hyperthyroidism on cART. To provide further details relevant to this case, we also review the literature concerning IRD-GD.