Emission Ghost Imaging: reconstruction with data augmentation.

Ghost Imaging enables 2D reconstruction of an object even though particles transmitted or emitted by the object of interest are detected with a single pixel detector without spatial resolution. This is possible because for the particular implementation of ghost imaging presented here, the incident beam is spatially modulated with a non-configurable attenuating mask whose orientation is varied (e.g. via transverse displacement or rotation) in the course of the ghost imaging experiment. Each orientation yields a distinct spatial pattern in the attenuated beam. In many cases, ghost imaging reconstructions can be dramatically improved by factoring the measurement matrix which consists of measured attenuated incident radiation for each of many orientations of the mask at each pixel to be reconstructed as the product of an orthonormal matrix Qand an upper triangular matrix R provided that the number of orientations of the mask (N) is greater than or equal to the number of pixels (P) reconstructed. For the N

Neutron interferometry using a single modulated phase grating.

Neutron grating interferometry provides information on phase and small-angle scatter in addition to attenuation. Previously, phase grating moiré interferometers (PGMI) with two or three phase gratings have been developed. These phase-grating systems use the moiré far-field technique to avoid the need for high-aspect absorption gratings used in Talbot-Lau interferometers (TLI) that reduce the neutron flux reaching the detector. We first demonstrate, through theory and simulations, a novel phase grating interferometer system for cold neutrons that requires a single modulated phase grating (MPG) for phase-contrast imaging, as opposed to the two or three phase gratings in previously employed PGMI systems. The theory shows the dual modulation of MPG with a large period and a smaller carrier pitch P, resulting in large fringes at the detector. The theory was compared to the full Sommerfeld-Rayleigh diffraction integral simulator. Then, we proceeded to compare the MPG system to experiments in the literature that use a two-phase-grating-based PGMI with best-case visibility of around 39%. The simulations of the MPG system show improved visibility in comparison to that of the two-phase-grating-based PGMI. An MPG with a modulation period of 300 µm, the pitch of 2 µm, and grating heights with a phase modulation of (π,0, illuminated by a monochromatic beam produces visibility of 94.2% with a comparable source-to-detector distance (SDD) as the two-phase-grating-based PGMI. Phase sensitivity, another important performance metric of the grating interferometer, was compared to values available in the literature, viz. the conventional TLI with the phase sensitivity of 4.5 × 103 for an SDD of 3.5 m and a beam wavelength of 0.44 nm. For a range of modulation periods, the MPG system provides comparable or greater theoretical maximum phase sensitivity of 4.1 × 103 to 10.0 × 103 for SDDs of up to 3.5 m. This proposed MPG system appears capable of providing high-performance PGMI that obviates the need for the alignment of two phase gratings.

Λ-enhanced gray molasses in a tetrahedral laser beam geometry.

We report the observation of sub-Doppler cooling of lithium using an irregular-tetrahedral laser beam arrangement, which is produced by a nanofabricated diffraction grating. We are able to capture 11(2)% of the lithium atoms from a grating magneto-optical trap into Λ-enhanced D1 gray molasses. The molasses cools the captured atoms to a radial temperature of 60(9) µK and an axial temperature of 23(3) µK. In contrast to results from conventional counterpropagating beam configurations, we do not observe cooling when our optical fields are detuned from Raman resonance. An optical Bloch equation simulation of the cooling dynamics agrees with our data. Our results show that grating magneto-optical traps can serve as a robust source of cold atoms for tweezer-array and atom-chip experiments, even when the atomic species is not amenable to sub-Doppler cooling in bright optical molasses.

Quantum-Based Photonic Sensors for Pressure, Vacuum, and Temperature Measurements: A Vison of the Future with NIST on a Chip.

The NIST on a Chip (NOAC) program's central idea is the idea that measurement technology can be developed to enable metrology to be performed "outside the National Metrology Institute" by the creation of deployed and often miniaturized standards. These standards, when based on fundamental properties of nature, are directly tracible to the international system of units known as the SI. NIST is also developing quantum-based standards for SI traceability known as QSI, or Quantum based International System of units. Specifically, this paper will cover NIST efforts in the area of thermodynamic metrology to develop NOAC standards for pressure, vacuum and temperature measurements.

Confinement of an alkaline-earth element in a grating magneto-optical trap.

We demonstrate a compact magneto-optical trap (MOT) of alkaline-earth atoms using a nanofabricated diffraction grating chip. A single input laser beam, resonant with the broad 1S0 → 1P1 transition of strontium, forms the MOT in combination with three diffracted beams from the grating chip and a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets. A differential pumping tube limits the effect of the heated, effusive source on the background pressure in the trapping region. The system has a total volume of around 2.4 l. With our setup, we have trapped up to 5 × 106 88Sr atoms at a temperature of ∼6 mK, and with a trap lifetime of ∼1 s. Our results will aid the effort to miniaturize quantum technologies based on alkaline-earth atoms.

Single-beam Zeeman slower and magneto-optical trap using a nanofabricated grating.

We demonstrate a compact (0.25 L) system for laser cooling and trapping atoms from a heated dispenser source. Our system uses a nanofabricated diffraction grating to generate a magnetooptical trap (MOT) using a single input laser beam. An aperture in the grating allows atoms from the dispenser to be loaded from behind the chip, increasing the interaction distance of atoms with the cooling light. To take full advantage of this increased distance, we extend the magnetic field gradient of the MOT to create a Zeeman slower. The MOT traps approximately 106 7Li atoms emitted from an effusive source with loading rates greater than 106 s-1. Our design is portable to a variety of atomic and molecular species and could be a principal component of miniaturized cold-atom-based technologies.

[Current concept of diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia].

This literature review outlines the most common methods of diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Promising diagnostic modalities include uroflowmetry, assessment of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), transrectal ultrasound and prostate elastography. The authors address social implications and epidemiological features of the disease in Russia and developed countries.

Note: A 3D-printed alkali metal dispenser.

We demonstrate and characterize a source of Li atoms made from direct metal laser sintered titanium. The source's outgassing rate is measured to be 5(2) × 10-7 Pa L s-1 at a temperature T = 330 °C, which optimizes the number of atoms loaded into a magneto-optical trap. The source loads ≈1077Li atoms in the trap in ≈1 s. The loaded source weighs 700 mg and is suitable for a number of deployable sensors based on cold atoms.

[Contemporary concept of the diagnosis of prostate cancer].

This review summarizes current evidence of the etiology and diagnosis of prostate cancer. As before, a comprehensive urological examination remains the main method of diagnosing the disease. However, the invasive nature of the multicore prostate biopsy, its high cost and the need for specially trained personnel prompts to seek more state-of-the-art and non-invasive methods for diagnosing prostate cancer. The further research in this direction seems promising.

[The remote results of treatment of patients with postoperative abdominal hernias depending on surgical access].

The modern concept of life quality research in herniology is applied in the work. 202 patients with postoperative abdominal hernias who underwent making a prosthetic appliance hernioplasties for the period from 2000 to 2010 were included in the study. 105 patients (studied group) and 97 patients were operated by using of laparoscopic and conventional techniques, respectively. Quality of life was evaluated by using of standardized russified questionnaire SF-36 which allowed to make idea about two main components of health - physical and mental. Laparoscopic plasty has certain advantages in comparison with conventional techniques. Also it increases quality of life of patients in terms more than 1 year after surgery.

[Possibilities of surgical treatment for disseminated breast cancer].

More than in 10% of breast cancer patients distant metastases are detected at diagnosis. The results of treatment of 191 patients are presented. Removal of the primary tumor in case of newly diagnosed advanced breast cancer (oligometastatic) increases the mean duration of life from 26 months up to 38 months (p < 0.01). 3-year overall survival increases from 49% to 71% (p = 0.001), and a 5-year survival-from 18% to 47% (p = 0.001). 9% of patients with metastatic breast cancer who underwent mastectomy live 10 years and more. The relative risk of death in the presence of distant metastases after resection of primary tumor, on average decreases by 34%. By means of multivariable analysis the best results after mastectomy were obtained in the localization of distant metastases in the bones and soft tissues, high expression of steroid hormone receptors, the absence of overexpression of HER2/neu, luminal A type, positive response to preoperative systemic therapy and attaining free surgical margins.

[Perspectives in use of surgery for disintegrating breast tumor].

Fifty-one patients with decaying breast cancer without signs of distant metastasis were operated on at the Academy's Clinic (September 2004 - December 2009). According to the 3-year follow-up, 18 out of 27 (62.5%) survived for 3 years and longer.

[Hepatitis B vaccine improvement].

Data about ongoing researches in order to increase efficacy and immunogenicity of licensed hepatitis B vaccines and to develop new therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis B treatment are reviewed.

[Immune response in oral and rectal immunization by the attenuated strain of salmonella carrying the HIV DNA-vaccine]. / Immunnyi otvet pri oral'noi i rektal'noi immunizatsii attenuirovannym shtammom salmonell, nesushchim DNK-vaktsinu protiv VICH- infektsii.

The recombinant strain of Salmonella typhimurium SL7207/pBMC-env, carrying a plasmid containing the gene of protein HIV-1 gp-160, was obtained under the monitoring by CMV-promoter. The above strain was used in the rectal and oral immunization of BALB/c mice. HIV-specific antibodies were detected in serum after a one-time immunization; such antibodies were able to inhibit the viral replication in vitro. Furthermore, the shaping-up of the specific cytotoxic and of proliferative responses was registered. Finally, the rectal immunization by cells of the Salmonella recombinant strain can be regarded as a promising delivery system of DNA-vaccine (pBMC-env), and it is more effective versus the oral immunization variant.

[Construction and study of antigenic characteristics of recombinant salmonella strain producing TBI protein]. / Konstruirovanie i issledovanie antigennykh svoistv rekombinantnogo shtamma sal'monelly, produtsiruiushchego belok TBI.

A recombinant strain producing TBI protein (artificial protein containing HIV-1 B and T cell epitopes) was constructed on the base of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL7207 strain and BALB/c mice were immunized with this strain in a dose of 10(9) live cells orally or rectally. A single immunization with the recombinant salmonella strain induced humoral and cellular immune response to HIV-1; hence, this strain is a promising candidate for vaccine against HIV.

Modal liquid crystal wavefront corrector.

Results are presented of the properties of a liquid crystal wavefront corrector for adaptive optics. The device is controlled using modal addressing in which case the device behaves more like a continuous facesheet deformable mirror than a segmented one. Furthermore, the width and shape of the influence functions are electrically controllable. We describe the construction of the device, the optical properties, and we show experimental results of low order aberration generation.

[Construction of peptide mimetics of an epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) gp41 protein, recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies 2F5]. / Polucheni peptidov-imitatorov épitopa belka gp41 virusa immunodefitsita cheloveka (VICh-1) uznavaemogo virusneitralizuiushchimi antitelami 2F5.

A phase peptide library was screened with virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MCA) 2F5 which recognize a conserved epitope of HIV-1 gp41. Phages that expose peptides specifically binding with MCA 2F5 were selected by ELISA. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed a homology to region 662-671 of HIV-1 HB10 gp160 for most peptides. The major role in recognition was ascribed to Asp-664, Lys-665, and Trp-666. The epitope-mimicking peptides were tested for immunogenicity. Antibodies to gp41 were detected in serum of immunized rabbits.

[The efficacy of fiber bronchoscopy under outpatient polyclinic conditions]. / Effektivnost' nronkhofibroskopii v ambulatorno-poliklinicheskikh usloviiakh.

Basing on the experience of conducting 795 bronchofibroscopies under conditions of polyclinic authors discuss organized and methodological aspects ensuring maximal study safety permitting to avoid serious, danger for life complications. Pathologic changes of tracheobronchial tree were exposed in 64.6% cases, 46.5% of them--inflammations, 4.9% of cases--bronchus cancer. Morphologic cancer verification when conducting biopsy was 84.6%, when making cytologic examination of bronchial liquid-17.9%.