ABSTRACT
Although the rate of injuries in soccer is high, this sport puts children only at moderate risk of getting injured. In younger children this risk is very low but the number and severity of injuries increases with puberty. The most common cause for injuries is a collision with another player, the most common injury is distortion of the talocrural joint. Playing soccer indoors is more dangerous than playing outdoors. The danger of accidents and injuries can be reduced by preventive measures, such as weight categories in children leagues.
Subject(s)
Physical Exertion , Soccer/injuries , Adolescent , Age Factors , Anthropometry , Athletic Injuries/prevention & control , Child , Child, Preschool , Environment , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Curriculum , Schools, Medical , Sports Medicine/education , Research , Switzerland , UniversitiesABSTRACT
The preschool years are characterized by the learning of combinations of movements that make it possible for children to attain an astonishingly high level of physical performance. With regard to their metabolism and cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary system, they have at their disposal good prerequisites for aerobic endurance training. However, it is a matter of the natural movements involved in playing rather than striving to reach a high level of performance. Sports during the preschool age advances physical development and serves as a form of early prevention of the diseases of civilization.
Subject(s)
Child Development/physiology , Physical Fitness/physiology , Sports , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Child, Preschool , Humans , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Physical Education and TrainingSubject(s)
Contact Lenses , Eyeglasses , Physical Education and Training , Vision Disorders/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , MaleSubject(s)
Disability Evaluation , Physical Education and Training , Sports , Child , Germany, West , Humans , Physical FitnessSubject(s)
Accidents , Athletic Injuries/etiology , Play and Playthings , Wounds and Injuries/etiology , Accident Prevention , Child , Germany, West , Humans , RiskSubject(s)
Anthropometry , Biomechanical Phenomena , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Physical FitnessSubject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Child Development , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Movement , Psychology, Adolescent , SportsABSTRACT
Important factors in assessing the development of the trunk are, among others, the relative thoracic data, for example, measurement of the width and depth of the thorax and calculation of the relative thoracic diameter, as well as the thoracic index. The normal values recorded in 196 healthy boys and girls aged 3-6 years, are stated.
Subject(s)
Thorax/anatomy & histology , Anthropometry , Child, Preschool , Female , Germany, West , Humans , Male , Mathematics , Reference Values , School Health ServicesSubject(s)
Leisure Activities , Physical Fitness , Sports , Adult , Attitude to Health , Child , Gymnastics , Humans , Physical Education and TrainingABSTRACT
The behaviour of heart rates of 25 untrained boys and 25 untrained girls between 9.5 and 10.5 years of age was registered telemetrically before, during and after a 3000m-run with a finish on the sportsfield and during a run over the same distance with the equivalent but constant speed on a treadmill. Additionally an exhausting spiroergometric test on a bicycle in a sitting position (method: W/kg body weight) was carried out. With a self-determined intensity the boys passed the 3000 m-distance in a shorter time than the girls. During the run the girls' heart rates remained relatively constant between 190 and 204 per min, whereas the boys' heart rates were significantly lower (about 10/min). Children with a higher relative oxygen capacity (56 ml O2/kg) run faster and revealed lower heart rates than children with less relative oxygen capacity (39.8 ml O2/kg). The same results were obtained when children with lower body weight were compared to heavier children of the same size.
Subject(s)
Heart Rate , Running , Body Weight , Child , Exercise Test , Female , Humans , Male , Oxygen Consumption , Sex Factors , Spirometry , TelemetrySubject(s)
Physical Exertion , School Health Services , Child , Female , Germany, West , Humans , Male , PostureSubject(s)
Blood Pressure Determination , Blood Pressure , Adaptation, Physiological , Adolescent , Blood Pressure Determination/methods , Child , Homeostasis , Humans , Posture , Pulse , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean VO2max 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output (W max), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume (V Emax), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (H Rmax). All the functions--with the exception of VO2max-had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of VO2max was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of V Emax and VO2max were measured at 1500 hrs, of W max and H Rmax at 0700 and of H Rrest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P less than 0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on VO2max and W170 are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day.
