[Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections in children]. / Moxarella catarrhalis pri khronicheskikh i retsidiviruiushchikh zabolevaniiakh organov dykhaniia u detei.

Examination of 700 children with chronic and relapsing respiratory tract infections showed that during the period from 1996 to 2003 Moraxella catarrhalis strains were isolated from the sputum of 5.5-9.7% of the patients. The frequency of the emergence was the third after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In healthy children M. catarrhalis was isolated in 2.7% of the cases. The most frequent detection of M. catarrhalis was stated in children under 1 year (4.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed that the majority of the M. catarrhalis isolates had beta-lactamase activity, were resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and lincomycin and highly susceptible to amoxycillin/clavulanate, macrolides, certain cephalosporins and levofloxacin. The isolates were most frequent in the patients of the rather severe contingent (congenital lung disease, alveolitis, chronic pneumonia, bronchial asthma). In such patients the bronchoobstructive syndrome was more frequent (46.6%). High frequency of the affection of the upper respiratory tracts in the examined children was stated (62.1%).

[Efficacy of levofloxacin (Tavanic) in the treatment of children with chronic pulmonary diseases]. / Effektivnost' levofloksatsina (Tavanik) pri khronicheskikh zabolevaniiakh legkikh u detei.

The efficacy of the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin in the treatment of 35 children with bronchopulmonary disease exacerbation was practically the same as that of amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. The clinical and bacteriological results were favourable. The eradication of the pathogens responsible for the bronchopulmonary inflammations in 86% of the patients was stated. There is no doubt that fluoroquinolones should not be widely used in pediatrics. They should be considered as reserve drugs for the treatment of severe cases when the routine agents fail. Their use is justified when the situation is risky and the data on the pathogen susceptibility to the drugs are available. Still, levofloxacin is the most safe fluoroquinolone with low hepatotoxicity and lower effect on the central nervous system. The episodes of its negative cardiovascular action are less frequent. Moreover, the most frequent side effects of fluoroquinolones such as nausea, diarrhea or vomiting are less frequent with the use of levofloxacin. No signs of arthropathy in the patients treated with levofloxacin were observed in our trial.

[The biological properties of Haemophilus influenza isolated from healthy children and from patients with acute and chronic respiratory diseases]. / Biologicheskie svoistva Haemophilus influenzae, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh detei i bol'nykh ostrymi i khronicheskimi respiratornymi zabolevaniiami.

The comparative study of the biological properties of H. influenzae strains isolated from healthy children and from patients with acute and chronic respiratory diseases has been made, taking into account the biochemical features (biotypes) and adhesive activity of these strains. Differences in various biotypes of H. influenzae strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary diseases and from healthy carriers have been established. H. influenzae strains isolated from various sources differ by their adhesive properties: strains isolated from patients with acute bronchopulmonary diseases have the highest adhesive activity, while strains isolated from healthy controls have the lowest adhesive activity. The data thus obtained indicate the possible dependence of the degree and duration of the colonization of the respiratory tract by H. influenzae on the biological properties of these microorganisms. The monitoring of the sensitivity of H. influenzae strains to antibiotics has demonstrated that these strains retain high sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and exhibit a tendency towards an increase in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin.

[Comparative characteristics of the adhesive properties of microorganisms isolated from the urine of children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis]. / Sravnitel'naia kharateristika adgeviznykh svoistv mikroorganizmov, vydelennykh iz mochi u detei s khronicheskim obstruktivnym pielonefritom.

The adhesive properties of 215 cultures, including 215 Escherichia coli strains, 43 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and 60 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from the urine of 124 children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis were studied in the direct hemagglutination test simultaneously with those of 30 E. coli strains and 20 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from the feces of 50 healthy children, as well as 60 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from children with parenteral infections of other localization. E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from the urine of children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis were found to have D-mannose-resistant hemagglutinins (68% and 37.2%) and a combination of mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant adhesins (44.6% and 13.3% respectively). P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the urine of urological patients in the postoperative period showed the presence of mannose-resistant hemagglutinins to a greater extent (76.6%) than those isolated from children with parenteral infections of other localization (45%).

[Comparative characteristics of the Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from healthy children and from patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika shtammov Haemophilus influenzae, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh detei i bol'nykh ostrymi i khronicheskimi bronkholegochnymi zabolevaniiami.

The comparative biochemical and serological characterization of 424 H. influenzae strains isolated from healthy children and patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases is presented. As the result of biotyping H. influenzae strains, 82.3-90.9% of the strains isolated from both healthy children and patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases were found to belong to the first three biotypes according to M. Kilian's classification. Among H. influenzae strains isolated from healthy children no capsular variants were detected in the coagglutination test. From patients with acute and chronic diseases of respiratory organs, as a rule, the capsular variants of H. influenzae were isolated (94.4% and 98.1%, respectively). In patients with chronic pneumonia biotypes I, II and III, more seldom biotype V, proved to be mo st invasive. In the determination of the minimum inhibiting concentration of ampicillin, no H. influenzae strains resistant to this antibiotic were detected.