ABSTRACT
Treatment of mood disorders in pregnant or nursing women can carry significant risks for the mother and the developing infant. For patients and physicians, it may be difficult to obtain current information to make the proper decisions regarding pharmacologic and alternative treatments. Thus, this paper discusses the risks and benefits of pharmacologic treatment and the risks of not treating depression and bipolar disorder in the pregnant woman. The safety of treatment options is reviewed. Alternative treatment options are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Antimanic Agents/adverse effects , Mood Disorders/drug therapy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , PregnancyABSTRACT
Suicidal behavior (ie, thoughts and attempts) in children is an issue of serious concern. In the past, suicide in young children has been largely denied and ignored. However, this is no longer possible, as accumulating evidence supports the existence of suicidal thoughts and actions in preadolescent children. This article explores suicidal behavior in preadolescent children and highlights areas of needed research.
Subject(s)
Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Suicide/psychology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Cause of Death , Child , Child, Preschool , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Risk Factors , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , United States , Suicide PreventionABSTRACT
Depression in adults has been linked to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and increased incidence of fractures. Physiologic factors, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and increased circulation of inflammatory cytokines, may adversely impact bone metabolism. In addition, behavioral factors, such as reduced physical activity and altered dietary intake (especially of bone-related nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D), may be implicated. Antidepressant medications also may have an impact on BMD. Childhood and adolescence may be times of particular vulnerability to the adverse effects of depression due to the rapid bone mineral accrual that occurs during periods of growth. This article will review potential contributing factors and resulting consequences of depression on BMD in these populations and also explore areas of needed research.
