ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: One of the challenging aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection is its diverse multisystemic disease presentation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic value of cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and investigate their duration and timing in relation to other COVID-19 symptoms. METHODS: We used data from 336 847 UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app to assess the diagnostic value of body rash or an acral rash in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and data from an independent online survey of 11 544 respondents to investigate skin-specific symptoms and collect their photographs. RESULTS: Using data from the app, we show significant association between skin rashes and a positive swab test result (odds ratio 1·67, 95% confidence interval 1·42-1·97). Strikingly, among the respondents of the independent online survey, we found that 17% of SARS-CoV-2-positive cases reported skin rashes as the first presentation, and 21% as the only clinical sign of COVID-19. Together with the British Association of Dermatologists, we have compiled a catalogue of images of the most common skin manifestations of COVID-19 from 400 individuals (https://covidskinsigns.com), which we have made publicly available to assist clinicians in recognition of this early clinical feature of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Skin rashes cluster with other COVID-19 symptoms, are predictive of a positive swab test, and occur in a significant number of cases, either alone or before other classical symptoms. Recognizing rashes is important in identifying new and earlier cases of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Exanthema , Exanthema/diagnosis , Exanthema/etiology , Humans , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The development of high-grade lymphoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is known as Richter syndrome (RS) and is associated with a grave prognosis, with a mean survival of 8 months despite treatment. Cutaneous RS has been described in a handful of cases and may be associated with a better outcome than the more common extracutaneous variants. We review the literature with particular emphasis on pathogenesis, treatment and survival of RS. We postulate that the absence of B symptoms and a normal lactate dehydrogenase level, presumably reflecting localized or limited disease, and a lower tumour burden, may explain the apparently better survival in some patients with cutaneous RS than with extracutaneous variants.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Aged , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Male , Prednisone/administration & dosage , Rituximab , Syndrome , Treatment Outcome , Vincristine/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is one of the most common acquired immunobullous diseases. Rarely, the development of BP is attributed to drug exposure. We present two cases of BP, one triggered by intravenous iodine, and one associated with etanercept treatment in a patient with psoriasis; the first time, to our knowledge, that either of these associations has been reported. The recognition of occasional cases of drug-induced BP such as ours, with timely cessation of the offending agent, may produce rapid clinical improvement with decreased exposure to potent immunosuppressive therapy.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local/adverse effects , Immunoglobulin G/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Iodine/adverse effects , Pemphigoid, Bullous/chemically induced , Etanercept , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage , Injections, Intravenous , Iodine/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosageABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The retrojugular approach is promoted as an alternative to traditional antejugular carotid endarterectomy. Absence of named posterior venous branches and ease of distal internal carotid dissection reduce time for carotid exposure together with improved distal exposure. However, a higher incidence of local nerve injury and persistent hoarse voice has been reported. We compare the incidence of these and other complications for the antejugular and retrojugular approaches. DESIGN: This is a nonrandomised retrospective review of prospectively collected data on consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. RESULTS: Our 178 patients formed two groups who were homogeneous in terms of sex and age. Mean operative times, patch usage, and general/local anaesthesia did not differ significantly for the two groups. Postoperative complications including transient ischemic attack (TIA), major stroke, or death; hypertension; miosis; and hypoglossal injury were similar for the two groups. However, there was a significantly increased incidence of persistent hoarse voice (p < 0.05) in the retrojugular group. CONCLUSIONS: Reports of increased incidence of persistent hoarse voice associated with the retrojugular approach to carotid endarterectomy are supported by our findings, which point to a learning curve effect. A randomized controlled trial would be necessary before any strong recommendation could be made for or against the retrojugular approach.
