ABSTRACT
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) was detected in a particulate fraction of Trypanosoma brucei brucei procyclic culture form. It requires ADP rather than GDP for activity in the direction of carboxylation and is located in the glycosomes. Since phosphoenolpyruvate can serve to furnish ATP for glycolysis and can promote 3-phosphoglycerate or 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate formation without simultaneous alpha-glycerophosphate production, we suggest that the glycosomal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-malate dehydrogenase tandem contributes to ATP regeneration and NADH re-oxidation in the glycosome, and regulates alpha-glycerophosphate production.
Subject(s)
Glycolysis , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/metabolism , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzymology , Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Centrifugation, Isopycnic , Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism , NAD/metabolism , Phosphoenolpyruvate/metabolismABSTRACT
1,344 women were examined in the course of 3 years by means of the ultrasonic system Multiplanar MS 3 which was coupled direct to the skin. This direct coupling to the skin of the breast and the freely mobile sound head enable immediate puncture of tumours of the breast in direct ultrasonic vision. In multiple cysts it will be possible to puncture all cysts--including the occult ones--in one session. In the first 229 examined tumours, the rate of accuracy of the diagnosis "cyst" was 98%. Successful punctures, including the non-palpable cysts, were effected down to a minimum volume of 0.1 ml. The problem of the nonpalpable cysts can be considered as solved from the sonographic angle. In our case, this entailed omission, and hence saving in cost, of every third biopsy of the mammae (approximately 200 out of 600 biopsies per annum).
Subject(s)
Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ultrasonography , Biopsy, Needle/methods , Cysts/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Punctures/methodsABSTRACT
Sonography can yield indirect visualization only of microcalcifications in the female breast. In order to obtain an image of the echo pattern of the grouped microcalcifications, it is essential that the device employed possesses suitable dynamic characteristics, and it is also necessary to employ the technique of additive tomography. The investigator must familiarize himself with the proper interpretation of reflex patterns. Microcalcifications cannot be detected via sonography with the same degree of accuracy as with the help of mammography. However, sonographic detection is easier if the microcalcifications are more closely grouped. Nevertheless, the authors were able to show in a small comparative series that grouped calcifications can be detected even without previous information of their presence.
Subject(s)
Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Calcinosis/diagnosis , Ultrasonography , Female , Humans , Mammography , MethodsABSTRACT
We have further characterized angiotensin receptors on bovine adrenal fasciculata cells whose presence was previously demonstrated by the intrinsic agonistic activity of angiotensin II (AII), dex-Asp1-AII, angiotensin I (AI), and des-ASp1-AI on steroidogenesis. The specific binding of AII and des-Asp1-AII labeled with 125I to dispersed bovine fasciculata cells was studied. For both peptides, a single class of binding sites accounted for the data with a mean (+/- SEM) Ka value of 0.23 +/- 0.123 X 10(8) liters/mol for AII and 0.68 X 10(8) liters/mol for des-Asp1-AII. The concentration at which unlabeled AII and des-Asp1-AII displaced 50% of the tracers (Kd) was similar to that at which they induced half-maximal stimulation of steroidogenesis (Kact). For AI and des-Asp1-AI, Kd greater than Kact. Analogs of AII or des-Asp1-AII with antagonistic properties upon steroidogenesis competed also with binding of the tracers. Corticotropin (ACTH) did not inhibit binding. Although ACTH stimulated the formation of cyclic AMP, none of the angiotensins with intrinsic activity did so. Calcium, but not potassium, appeared to potentiate the steroidogenic activity of AII. These data suggest that there is a single class of receptors for angiotensins and analogs in zona fasciculata. These receptors show characteristics that differentiate them from ACTH receptors in zona fasciculata or angiotensin receptors in zona glomerulosa cells.
