Perceptions, attitudes, awareness and perspectives towards sustainability practices and climate change among nurses: a systematic review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change has been described as the most significant threat to humanity and human health to have emerged this century. It is widely accepted that contemporary human activities are the major causes of climate change. It is also acknowledged that damaging human activities could be amenable to change through proactive environmental behaviours. Healthcare professionals have the potential to promote climate advocacy and mitigation through collective effort and individual actions. However, research suggests that nurses may not be aware of their potential to effect positive action. This review will synthesise evidence regarding nurses' perceptions, attitudes, awareness and perspectives towards sustainable nursing practices and climate change. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for mixed-methods systematic reviews will be applied to this proposed systematic review. It will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and PubMed databases will be searched. Data appraisal will be completed using the JBI and Mixed Methods Assessment Tool critical appraisal tool. Data synthesis and integration will follow the JBI convergent integrated approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: In compliance with university ethics requirements for secondary research and postgraduate researchers, ethical approval will be sought from the Coventry University Ethics Committee, UK. Dissemination of findings will be achieved through peer-review publications, conference presentations and seminars with local, national and international audiences.

Integrated Long-Term Care 'Neighbourhoods' to Support Older Populations: Evolving Strategies in Japan and England.

Western countries are currently facing the public health challenge of a rapidly aging population and the associated challenge of providing long-term care services to meet its needs with a reduced working age population. As people age, they will increasingly require both health and social care services to maintain their quality of life and these will need to be integrated to provide cost-effective long-term care. The World Health Organization recommended in 2020 that all countries should have integrated long-term care strategies to better support their older populations. Japan, with the most rapidly ageing society in the world, started to address this challenge in the 1990s. In 2017, it introduced a national policy for integrated long-term health and social care services at a local geographical level for older people. England has recently embarked on its first plan aiming for the integration of services for older people. In this article, we compare these approaches to the integration of long-term care systems, including the strengths of each. The paper also considers the effects of historical, cultural and organizational factors and the emerging role of technology. Finally, we identify critical lessons that can inform strategy development in other countries, and highlight the need to provide more international comparisons.

An overview of nursing and midwifery leadership, governance structures, and instruments in Africa.

BACKGROUND: Investment in nursing and midwifery leadership and governance are key suggested approaches by the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Regional Office to address the shortages in the nursing health workforce. However, there are few if any studies that have investigated the existence and operationalization of the nursing and midwifery leadership and governance structures in Africa. This paper fills this gap by, providing an overview of nursing and midwifery leadership, governance structures, and instruments in Africa. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of the nursing and midwifery leadership, structures, and instruments in 16 African countries using quantitative methodology. Data was analyzed using SPSS IBM 21 statistical software. Data was summarized in frequencies and percentages and presented as tables and charts. RESULTS: Only (9,56.25%) of the 16 countries included had retrievable evidence of all expected governance structures while (7, 43.75%) lacked one or more of the structures. A quarter (4, 25%) of the countries did not have a department of nursing and midwifery or chief nursing and midwifery officer at their Ministry of Health (MOH). The dominant gender representation across all the governance structures was female. Only Lesotho (1, 6.25%) had all expected nursing and midwifery governance instruments while the remaining (15, 93.75%) had either one or four of these instruments missing. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of complete nursing and midwifery governance structures and instruments in various African countries is a matter of concern. Without these structures and instruments, the strategic direction and input of the nursing and midwifery profession cannot be maximized for the public good in relation to health outcomes. Addressing the existing gaps requires a multipronged approach with the need to strengthen regional collaboration, and advocacy, creating awareness, and advancing nursing and midwifery leadership training to enable nursing and midwifery governance capacity development in Africa.

Use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy to evaluate cognitive change when using healthcare simulation tools.

Background: The use of brain imaging techniques in healthcare simulation is relatively rare. However, the use of mobile, wireless technique, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), is becoming a useful tool for assessing the unique demands of simulation learning. For this study, this imaging technique was used to evaluate cognitive load during simulation learning events. Methods: This study took place in relation to six simulation activities, paired for similarity, and evaluated comparative cognitive change between the three task pairs. The three paired tasks were: receiving a (1) face-to-face and (2) video patient handover; observing a simulated scene in (1) two dimensions and (2) 360° field of vision; and on a simulated patient (1) taking a pulse and (2) taking a pulse and respiratory rate simultaneously. The total number of participants was n=12. Results: In this study, fNIRS was sensitive to variations in task difficulty in common simulation tools and scenarios, showing an increase in oxygenated haemoglobin concentration and a decrease in deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration, as tasks increased in cognitive load. Conclusion: Overall, findings confirmed the usefulness of neurohaemoglobin concentration markers as an evaluation tool of cognitive change in healthcare simulation. Study findings suggested that cognitive load increases in more complex cognitive tasks in simulation learning events. Task performance that increased in complexity therefore affected cognitive markers, with increase in mental effort required.

Non-medical practitioner roles in the UK: who, where, and what factors influence their development?

BACKGROUND: traditional health workforce roles are changing, with existing roles being extended and advanced, while new roles are being created, often undertaking duties previously completed by doctors, sometimes referred to as non-medical practitioners (NMPs). AIM: to investigate which NMP roles exist within the UK, mapping distribution, and explore factors influencing their development and recruitment. METHODS: two descriptive, exploratory, online self-completed semi-structured questionnaires were used. One was sent to all NHS acute healthcare providers (n=156) and private/independent healthcare providers in England (n=90). A separate questionnaire collected data, using convenience and snowballing approaches, from NMPs across the UK. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and frequency statistics. Qualitative data derived from open questions and comments were analysed using content and thematic analysis. RESULTS: healthcare organisations in England returned 23/246 useable questionnaires; 115 NMPs returned responses, 19 did not meet the criteria, leaving 96 useable responses. CONCLUSION: seven NMP roles were identified, throughout the UK, with regional variation. Several factors influence the development and recruitment of NMP roles in England such as service delivery and national policies. Inconsistencies were noted in Agenda for Change pay banding. Many practitioners undertook NMP roles to progress their career clinically.

Operating department practitioners and adult nurses: interprofessional education bedfellows or a bridge too far?

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) is well embedded in undergraduate health curricula. However, scant literature exists on which health and care disciplines, such as adult nurses and operating department practitioners (ODPs), prefer to work within simulated learning events. Methods: This study took place over a number of simulated interprofessional events, with a range of health and care disciplines students, using a variety of simulation tools. The total number of participants was: adult nurses 16 and ODPs 18. Results: An ordinal logistic regression analysis was carried out on survey data collected. The OR of ODPs choosing adult nurses as the discipline they would prefer to work with at these events was 1.994 (95% CI 1.034 to 3.334) times that of adult nurses choosing ODPs as the discipline they would prefer to work with at these events, a statistically significant effect. Conclusions: It is clear that a statistical difference in preferential choice exists, with ODPs choosing to work with adult nurses almost twice that of adult nurses choosing to work with ODPs. This supports the importance of IPE and the understanding of other professions, to improve team working across health and care organisations.

Using Social Media to Generate and Collect Primary Data: The #ShowsWorkplaceCompassion Twitter Research Campaign.

BACKGROUND: Compassion is a core value embedded in the concept of quality in healthcare. The need for compassion toward healthcare staff in the workplace, for their own health and well-being and also to enable staff to deliver compassionate care for patients, is increasingly understood. However, we do not currently know how healthcare staff understand and characterize compassion toward themselves as opposed to patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use social media for the generation and collection of primary data to gain understanding of the concept of workplace compassion. METHODS: Tweets that contained the hashtag #ShowsWorkplaceCompassion were collected from Twitter and analyzed. The study took place between April 21 and May 21, 2016. Participants were self-selecting users of the social media service Twitter. The study was promoted by a number of routes: the National Health Service (NHS) England website, the personal Twitter accounts of the research team, internal NHS England communications, and via social media sharing. Participants were asked to contribute their views about what activities, actions, policies, philosophies or approaches demonstrate workplace compassion in healthcare using the hashtag #ShowsWorkplaceCompassion. All tweets including the research hashtag #ShowsWorkplaceCompassion were extracted from Twitter and studied using content analysis. Data concerning the frequency, nature, origin, and location of Web-based engagement with the research campaign were collected using Bitly (Bitly, Inc, USA) and Symplur (Symplur LLC, USA) software. RESULTS: A total of 260 tweets were analyzed. Of the 251 statements within the tweets that were coded, 37.8% (95/251) of the statements concerned Leadership and Management aspects of workplace compassion, 29.5% (74/251) were grouped under the theme related to Values and Culture, 17.5% (44/251) of the statements related to Personalized Policies and Procedures that support workplace compassion, and 15.2% (38/251) of the statements concerned Activities and Actions that show workplace compassion. Content analysis showed that small acts of kindness, an embedded organizational culture of caring for one another, and recognition of the emotional and physical impact of healthcare work were the most frequently mentioned characteristics of workplace compassion in healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a new and innovative research approach using Twitter. Although previous research has analyzed the nature and pattern of tweets retrospectively, this study used Twitter to both recruit participants and collect primary data.

Development and implementation of non-medical practitioners in acute care.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the evolving workforce required to deliver quality healthcare in NHS acute care settings within the UK. The development and implementation of non-medical practitioner (NMP) roles, such as advanced clinical practitioners, surgical care practitioners, surgical first assistants, physician associates and physician assistants in anaesthesia are discussed in relation to training, regulation, governance and evaluation in clinical practice.

A qualitative study of key stakeholders' perspectives on compassion in healthcare and the development of a framework for compassionate interpersonal relations.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To report findings from a qualitative study of key stakeholders' perspectives on 'compassion' in the health care context. To present the 'Framework for Compassionate Interpersonal Relations'. BACKGROUND: Although many research articles, health policies and health care strategies identify compassion as an underpinning value and key component of health care quality, identifying a unified definition of compassion is challenging. For Higher Education Institutions implementing 'values-based' recruitment processes, a clearer understanding of this core concept is vital. DESIGN: Exploratory, qualitative design. METHODS: Academic staff, health care students, clinicians and service users (n = 45), participated in nine focus groups where they were asked to define compassion in the context of health care. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four overarching themes were drawn from the data. The first theme centred on the participants' definitions of compassion, while the second identified compassionate behaviours. The third theme related to the barriers and threats to compassionate practice and the fourth, focused on ways to support compassion in practice. Participants believed that the health care staff should be 'consistently compassionate', and were emphatic that compassion should not be substituted with a 'care without engagement' approach. CONCLUSIONS: The findings concur with other research, which identifies the link between compassion and empathy and the importance of establishing meaningful connections with others. While participants in this study recognised the pressures of health care work and accepted that the expectation of 'consistent compassion' was not necessarily realistic, it was still seen as an important goal. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Participants held clear expectations regarding practitioners' communication skills and used these as a proxy for compassionate practice. The 'Framework for Compassionate Inter-personal Relations' may be used to promote reflection on the implementation of compassionate practice. It may also be used to highlight areas of focus when conducting values-based recruitment activities.

Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy and impact on nursing team involvement in promoting patients' mobility.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To report the findings gained from interviews with hospital nurses and care assistants, regarding the impact of hospital manual handling policies on their role in maintaining and promoting patients' mobility. BACKGROUND: Older hospitalised adults often experience deteriorations in mobility, which are often partially caused by protective or custodial care practice and environments that promote patient dependency. Hospital-induced mobility loss may be conceptualised as a problematic source of iatrogenic patient harm, worthy of attention from a patient safety standpoint. Preventative rehabilitation nursing interventions have the potential to prevent mobility loss. DESIGN: Grounded theory study. METHODS: Data were collected in three clinical settings: general rehabilitation, spinal injuries and stroke rehabilitation. Semi-structured interviews with 39 rehabilitation staff were completed. RESULTS: Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy were described via four subcategories: policy as stimulus to improved practice; policy as divorced from reality; policy as threat; and policy as hindrance to rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital manual handling policy was perceived negatively by some nursing team members both as a threat and as a barrier to patients' rehabilitation. Risk aversion, divided teamwork practices and overuse of patient handling equipment were matters of concern. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy should be openly discussed by nursing managers and direct care providers. It is important to recognise that beliefs about and perceptions of policy will often impact later on staff practices and behaviours. Unintended consequences arising from dominant interpretations of manual handling policy must be acknowledged and risks identified. It is important that practitioners balance risk assessment and prevention of falls with patients' needs for mobilisation.

What is the nursing team involvement in maintaining and promoting the mobility of older adults in hospital? A grounded theory study.

AIMS OF THE PAPER: To present a grounded theory of the nursing team involvement in the process of maintaining and promoting the mobility of hospitalised older adults. BACKGROUND: Being able to mobilise is an important determinant of quality of life in late adulthood. However, advancing age is often accompanied by worsening mobility, which may deteriorate further as a result of illness and particularly hospitalisation. Targeted in-patient rehabilitation interventions may have the capacity to maintain and promote older adults' mobility. Some authors suggest that the nursing team may have a central role in such activities. OBJECTIVES: The study set out to describe the involvement of the nursing team in the process of maintaining and promoting the mobility of hospitalised older adults. It also sought to understand how members of the nursing team viewed their work in relation to physiotherapists and in relation to hospital policy on patient handling. DESIGN: Grounded theory provided the philosophical and structural underpinning to the study. SETTINGS: Data collection centred on three clinical settings which included a general rehabilitation ward, a regional spinal injuries unit and stroke rehabilitation ward. PARTICIPANTS: Semi-structured interviews with 39 rehabilitation staff and 61h of non-participant observation comprised the data set. FINDINGS: The nursing team involvement in patients' mobility maintenance and rehabilitation was explained by the core category 'care to keep safe.' This category identified how the nursing team focused primarily on preventing patient problems rather than focusing on rehabilitation goals. A number of contextual factors in the workplace meant that the nursing team found it difficult to engage in activities to support mobility maintenance and rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in the micro and macro context for rehabilitation practice are needed to enable the nursing team to engage more fully in the processes of mobility rehabilitation. Nurse-led initiatives which allow the nursing team to take an active role in implementing intentional strategies to maintain and promote mobility should be implemented and trialled for effectiveness.

An exploration of undergraduate nursing and physiotherapy students' views regarding education for patient handling.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the views of undergraduate student nurses and physiotherapists regarding their education in patient handling. BACKGROUND: Musculo-skeletal injuries are an important cause of staff sickness absence and attrition from the nursing profession and are a recognised problem within the physiotherapy profession. Nurses and physiotherapists are at risk of musculo-skeletal injuries as a result of their role in assisting patients with movement. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was undertaken of undergraduate nursing and physiotherapy students (n = 371) at one university. RESULTS: Most students agreed that university teaching about moving and handling prepared them for clinical practice (64%). Over a third reported that they had never undertaken a written moving and handling risk assessment in clinical practice (38%). Almost half of the sample (40%) admitted undertaking unsafe moving and handling activities. Half (50%) also stated that they would rather 'fit' into the team than challenge unsafe practice. Almost a third (29%) stated that they had begun to experience pain since becoming a student. There were significant differences between nursing and physiotherapy students. Physiotherapy students were more likely to report being supervised when moving and handling and reported being more assertive about adhering to safe practice. CONCLUSIONS: The well-being of both nursing and physiotherapy undergraduate students is threatened when students undertake work placements in clinical settings. University-based education in safe patient handling, though important, can be undermined by workplace settings where unsafe practices occur. Collaboration is needed between university educators, managers and practice-based mentors to support students to maintain safe approaches to moving and handling patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A third of students reported developing pain since becoming a healthcare student. Students entering their professions already injured may leave the workforce owing to poor physical well-being. It is vital that the clinical workplace supports safe systems of working.

Centralization and research governance: does it work?

AIM: This paper is a report of a study to evaluate the impact and success of the United Kingdom centralized Research Management and Governance model. BACKGROUND: Research is crucial to the generation of new knowledge and for the development of nursing services. However, poor research conduct has prompted a growing international impetus to govern and monitor research activity. In 2004, a centralized Research Management and Governance Model aimed at fostering a quality research culture through streamlining bureaucratic management processes was implemented across 14 primary care provider organizations in the United Kingdom. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was undertaken in 2004 to explore researchers' experiences (n = 76) of the model across the 14 organizations, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five research and development managers. The interview transcripts were independently thematically analysed. FINDINGS: Governance processes were seen as useful or very useful by 36.8% (n = 28) of researchers viewed, and 47.3% (n = 36) thought they were a hindrance or not useful. Managers suggested that the model supported the research infrastructure and had reduced paperwork. The benefits of centralization were balanced against managers' perceptions of reduced autonomy and control. CONCLUSIONS: Centralizing research governance is an effective way of maximizing research resources, but researchers still may not value the process. Partnership working can streamline research governance mechanisms, but needs to be adequately resourced and transparent. This model could be of benefit to international colleagues who are charged with the management of research.

A systematic review of nursing contributions to mobility rehabilitation: examining the quality and content of the evidence.

AIMS: This paper summarizes the results of a systematic literature review to examine the quality and content of the evidence relating to nursing approaches to improving the mobility and movement of older people. BACKGROUND: Older people experiencing health breakdown often develop problems with movement and mobility and nurses play a role in helping patients to either adapt to or overcome these difficulties. METHODS: Electronic searches were undertaken of Medline, CINAHL, Amed and Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. Papers about nursing approaches to promoting mobility and movement were critically appraised using quality assessment checklists. Papers addressing safe moving and handling, falls prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation or teamworking in general were excluded. RESULTS: Sixteen research and 33 informational papers were included and comprise the review. Many research papers used weak designs and small sample sizes, limiting their ability to control for important confounding variables. Although numerous studies examined effectiveness, only one used a randomised controlled trial design. Papers were grouped into four interlinked sets. These were promoting mobility and preventing immobility; walking and exercise; neuro-developmental principles; and rehabilitation patient handling. CONCLUSIONS: Specific foci for nursing assessment and interventions to promote patients' mobility have been identified. However, the fragmented nature of the evidence makes it difficult to make recommendations for nursing practice. Future research should be conducted by multi-professional research teams to identify the most effective approaches to promoting patients' mobility and to explore overlaps between different members of the rehabilitation team. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Regaining the ability to move and walk is often a key concern for patients who have suffered health breakdown. Although nurses provide patients with assistance the evidence available does little to direct nurses as to the best approach towards mobility rehabilitation. It is important that nurses play a role in measuring the efficacy of different interventions to promote rehabilitation.

Developing skills in safe patient handling: mentors' views about their role in supporting student nurses.

Although great reliance is placed on clinically based mentors to ensure pre-registration student nurses gain the required competencies for safe moving and handling practice, anecdotal evidence derived from discussions with students suggested that little attention was given to this topic during practice placements. This prompted a study to explore mentors' views on their role in teaching and assessing students' moving and handling (M&H) practice and students' perceptions of the relevance of M&H training. This paper reports on mentors' perspectives, drawing on data gained via focus groups with 15 hospital based mentors. The main approach to teaching students about M&H was to focus on the practical aspects of the activity. There was little emphasis on problem solving and discussion or on assessing students' competence. Although challenges were associated with the topic, suggestions were made on how to maximise education for safe M&H. The findings highlight the importance of a joint approach to education for safe M&H between Universities and Trusts. Consistent approaches must be taught in both settings and mentors need to be aware of students' learning needs, taking care to ensure that knowledge underpinning clinical decision making is transparent.

Learning safe patient handling skills: student nurse experiences of university and practice based education.

INTRODUCTION: Poor patient handling practices increase nurse injuries and reduce patients' safety and comfort. BACKGROUND: UK Universities have a duty to prepare student nurses for patient handling activities occurring during clinical placements. This study examines students' experiences of moving and handling education in academic and clinical settings. METHODS: A 34 item questionnaire was distributed to student nurses at one School of Nursing (n=432, response rate of 75%). RESULTS: Many students undertook unsafe patient handling practices and provided reasons for this. There was a medium statistically significant correlation between the variables 'provision of supervision' and 'awareness of patient handling needs' (r(s)=.390, p=.000). 40% of students stated that their M&H competency was assessed through direct observation. Twenty six percent of the total sample (n=110), said they had begun to develop musculo-skeletal pain since becoming a student nurse. Forty-eight stated that this was caused by an incident whilst on placement. DISCUSSION: Inadequate patient handling practices threaten student nurse safety in clinical settings. Although some students may be overly confident, they should be supervised when undertaking M&H activities. CONCLUSIONS: Though important, University based M&H education will only be beneficial if students learn in clinical settings that take safe patient handling seriously.

The impact of research governance in healthcare and higher education organizations.

AIM: This paper reports a study exploring the impact and implementation of research governance in the North West region of England. BACKGROUND: In 2001, the UK Government launched a framework to ensure the governance of research within the National Health Service. Whilst this framework was undoubtedly geared towards improving the standards and practice of research, concerns have been raised in the academic literature about the potentially negative impact on future research. METHODS: A mixed method approach, using questionnaires (n = 350), semi-structured interviews and focus groups with a volunteer sample, was used to explore research staff perspectives about research governance. Survey data were analysed using Microsoft Excel, and a thematic analysis was used to elicit themes from the semi-structured interviews. The study lasted for 12 months and used a range of study sites, giving insight into potentially different experiences or approaches to implementing the research governance framework. FINDINGS: Questionnaire data revealed a good level of awareness about the Research Governance Framework. However, a range of concerns was also raised, such as the increased workload associated with the research governance application process and lack of transparency about the process. Five themes emerged from the focus groups: control, epistemology, organizational issues, impact on teaching and learning, and ambiguity in the definitions of research and audit. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations emerging from the study include the promotion of transparent research governance guidelines for practitioners, and the need for staff education about governance processes and greater parity between organizations in research governance processes.