ABSTRACT
Voice-mail communication is often used to convey information between the registered nurse (RN) and the Veteran. Using a pretest-posttest design, this study examined whether implementation of a standardized voice-mail greeting had an impact on Veteran satisfaction and the number of messages left on the RN voice-mail. Veterans were more satisfied and there was a significant decrease in RN voice-mail messages post-implementation. This study highlights effects of the voice-mail greeting and has implications for other health care settings.
Subject(s)
Answering Services , Nurse-Patient Relations , Patient Satisfaction , Veterans , Adult , Age Factors , Answering Services/standards , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Midwestern United States , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Diabetes is known to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia via oxidative stress and inflammation. There are speculations that SSAO activity might be related to the development of AD. Our aim was to investigate whether changes of soluble SSAO activity, oxidative stress and inflammation markers are related to each other in diabetes. Soluble and tissue-bound SSAO activities (from serum and aorta, respectively) were determined in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats without insulin treatment, receiving insulin once, or twice daily compared to control animals. After three weeks of treatment soluble and tissue-bound SSAO activities (seSSAO and aoSSAO, respectively), serum total antioxidant status (TAS), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fructose amine levels and routine laboratory parameters were determined. SeSSAO activity significantly increased in the diabetic groups without treatment and receiving insulin once daily, and a marked decrease in aoSSAO activity was seen in all diabetic groups. Increased oxidative stress was correlated with hsCRP elevation, while hsCRP and seSSAO activity were also significantly correlated. In all groups seSSAO and aoSSAO activities were in negative correlation with each other. Our results support the view that poor metabolic control leads to increased oxidative stress, which in turn may cause the elevation of hsCRP levels. Soluble SSAO on the one hand acts as an adhesion molecule--thus possibly being a factor responsible for the late complications of diabetes--and on the other hand, it may contribute to oxidative stress. Our parsimonious conclusion is that there is a relation between the risk factors of AD and vascular dementia (diabetes, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation) and SSAO activity, which may originate from the vessel wall.
Subject(s)
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Diabetes Complications/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Encephalitis/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Alzheimer Disease/chemically induced , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Brain/physiopathology , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Cerebral Arteries/metabolism , Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/metabolism , Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology , Chronic Disease , Dementia, Vascular/chemically induced , Dementia, Vascular/metabolism , Dementia, Vascular/physiopathology , Diabetes Complications/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Encephalitis/etiology , Encephalitis/physiopathology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/pathology , Enzyme Activation/physiology , Fructose/metabolism , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Solubility , Up-Regulation/physiologyABSTRACT
Four weeks old (weanling) female rats were treated with the tricyclic antidepressant and histamine/serotonin receptor blocker mianserin for studying its faulty hormonal imprinting effect. Measurements were done four months later. Brain serotonin levels significantly decreased in four regions (hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and brainstem), without any change in the cortex. Sexual activity of the treated and control rats was similar. Cerebrospinal fluid nocistatin level was one magnitude higher in the treated rats, than in the controls. The density of uterine estrogen receptors was significantly reduced, while binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptors of liver and thymus remained at control level. The results call attention to the possibility of 1. a broad spectrum imprinting at the time of weaning by a receptor level acting non-hormone molecule 2. imprinting of the brain in a non-neonatal period of life and 3. a very durable (lifelong?) effect of the late imprinting with an antidepressant.
Subject(s)
Brain Chemistry/drug effects , Imprinting, Psychological/drug effects , Mianserin/pharmacology , Opioid Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology , Serotonin/analysis , Animals , Dexamethasone/metabolism , Female , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Estrogen/analysis , Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects , WeaningABSTRACT
Hormonal imprinting takes place perinatally at the first encounter between the developing receptor and its target hormone. As a consequence of imprinting the receptor accomplishes its maturation and reaches the binding capacity characteristic to the adult age. In the excess of target hormone or presence of molecules similar to the target hormone, which are able to bind to the unmatured receptors, faulty imprinting develops with life-long consequences. At present, serotonin was given to neonatal rats and their sexual activity, brain serotonin level and steroid receptor's binding capacity was measured in adult age. Brain serotonin level was significantly reduced in male's striatum and parallel with this, male's sexual activity significantly increased. In other regions of the male brain (prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus) there was a statistically non-significant tendency for a decrease in serotonin level. No significant differences were detected in female brain values, and there was only slight change in female's sexual activity. There was also no change in the binding capacity of thymic glucocorticoid and uterine estrogen receptors. The experiments call attention to the possibility of perinatal imprinting by a neurotransmitter causing changes in brain neurotransmitter level for life, which is manifested in altered sexual activity.
Subject(s)
Brain/drug effects , Serotonin/pharmacology , Sexual Behavior/drug effects , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Brain/metabolism , Copulation/drug effects , Female , Male , Posture , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Thymus Gland/drug effects , Thymus Gland/metabolism , Uterus/drug effects , Uterus/metabolismABSTRACT
A single dose (3 microg) beta-endorphin was administered to newborn female and male rats (hormonal imprinting). In adult age (at 5 months) sexual behavior, steroid hormone binding capacity and brain serotonin content was studied. Females' sexual activity (lordosis quotient) significantly decreased and more animals protested against mounting (ratio of kicking and crying 21/24 vs. 8/24; p < 0.001). Males' sexual activity did not change, however more males were aggressive (4/10 vs. 1/10). Uterine estrogen receptor density significantly increased and affinity decreased. There was no change in the binding capacity of thymic glucocorticoid receptors. In the brain, five regions were studied for serotonin content. There was a gender difference in serotonin level and the intragroup differences were also high. In the endorphin treated males the serotonin level was significantly lower than in the controls. In the endorphin treated females the intragroup scattering has been significantly reduced. Nociceptin content of the cerebrospinal fluid was not changed. The experiments call attention to the possibility of adjustment of sexual and behavioral sphere by the individually different endorphin surge during labor.
