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1.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 47(17): 9343-9357, 2019 09 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31433052

ABSTRACT

In response to a viral infection, the plant's RNA silencing machinery processes viral RNAs into a huge number of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, a very few of these siRNAs actually interfere with viral replication. A reliable approach to identify these immunologically effective siRNAs (esiRNAs) and to define the characteristics underlying their activity has not been available so far. Here, we develop a novel screening approach that enables a rapid functional identification of antiviral esiRNAs. Tests on the efficacy of such identified esiRNAs of a model virus achieved a virtual full protection of plants against a massive subsequent infection in transient applications. We find that the functionality of esiRNAs depends crucially on two properties: the binding affinity to Argonaute proteins and the ability to access the target RNA. The ability to rapidly identify functional esiRNAs could be of great benefit for all RNA silencing-based plant protection measures against viruses and other pathogens.


Subject(s)
Plant Diseases/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Virus Replication/genetics , Antiviral Agents/immunology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis/virology , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/immunology , Plant Diseases/immunology , Plant Diseases/virology , RNA Interference/immunology , RNA, Small Interfering/immunology , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
2.
Tissue Cell ; 49(6): 697-710, 2017 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29102397

ABSTRACT

A pre-washing protocol was developed for resorbable, brushite-forming calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) to avoid harmful in vitro effects on cells. CPC discs (JectOS+, Kasios; self-developed CPC) were pre-washed with repeated changes of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 24h total). Unwashed or PBS-pre-washed discs were incubated in culture medium (5% fetal calf serum; up to 10days) and then tested for their influence on pH/calcium/phosphate levels in H2O extracts. Effects on pH/calcium/phosphate levels in culture supernatants, and morphology, adherence, number, and viability of ATDC5 cells and adipose-tissue derived stem cells were analyzed in co-culture. Pre-washing did not alter CPC surface morphology or Ca/P ratio (scanning electron microscopy; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). However, acidic pH of unwashed JectOS+ and self-developed CPC (5.82; 5.11), and high concentrations of Ca (2.17; 2.40mM) and PO4 (38.15; 49.28mM) in H2O extracts were significantly counteracted by PBS-pre-washing (pH: 7.92; 7.92; Ca: 0.64; 1.11mM; PO4: 5.39-5.97mM). Also, PBS-pre-washing led to physiological pH (approx. 7.5) and PO4 levels (max. 5mM), and sub-medium Ca levels (0.5-1mM) in supernatants and normalized cell morphology, adherence, number, and viability. This CPC pre-washing protocol improves in vitro co-culture conditions without influencing its structure or chemical composition.


Subject(s)
Bone Cements/chemistry , Bone Substitutes/chemistry , Calcium Phosphates/chemistry , Cell Survival/drug effects , Adult , Animals , Bone Cements/pharmacology , Bone Substitutes/pharmacology , Calcium Phosphates/pharmacology , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Middle Aged
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