ABSTRACT
Testing milk for antibiotics before acceptance into dairies is required by the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. Technological advances in tests have reduced screening times and improved detection accuracy. This work describes the validation of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay Beta-Lactam 30 Second Test according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine protocol for raw commingled milk. Milk is added to the lateral flow test strip in an incubator/reader to deliver a 30 second result. Independent laboratory validation followed sensitivity, interference, and incurred residue protocols. Sensitivity, in parts per billion (ppb = µg/kg), using a probit curve determined 90% percent detection with 95% confidence, which met National Conference of Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) specifications. Six U.S. approved beta-lactam drugs were detected below, but within 50% of, target/tolerance levels for penicillin G 2.9 ppb, ampicillin 5.9 ppb, amoxicillin 5.8 ppb, cephapirin 13 ppb, cloxacillin 8.1 ppb, and ceftiofur metabolites 73 ppb. No interferences were observed from 33 animal drugs at 100 ppb, somatic cells at 1.2 million/mL, or bacterial levels of >300 000 CFU/mL. Incurred residue detection levels were similar to levels determined with the spiked parent compound. The data support NCIMS that the BL30SEC method met U.S. criteria for testing milk for beta-lactams.
Subject(s)
Cephapirin , Drug Residues , Ampicillin/analysis , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Cattle , Cephapirin/analysis , Drug Residues/analysis , Female , Milk/chemistry , Penicillin G/analysis , beta-Lactams/analysisABSTRACT
Internationally, there are countless initiatives to build National Healthcare Information Networks (NHIN) that electronically interconnect healthcare organizations by enhancing and integrating current information technology (IT) capabilities. The realization of such NHINs will enable the simple and immediate exchange of appropriate and vital clinical data among participating organizations. In order for institutions to accurately and automatically exchange information, the electronic clinical documents must make use of established clinical codes, such as those of SNOMED-CT, LOINC and ICD-9 CM. However, there does not exist one universally accepted coding scheme that encapsulates all pertinent clinical information for the purposes of patient care, clinical research and population heatlh reporting. In this paper, we propose a combination of methods and standards that target the harmonization of clinical terminologies and encourage sustainable, interoperable infrastructure for healthcare.
Subject(s)
Forms and Records Control/standards , Medical Record Linkage/standards , Vocabulary, Controlled , Computer Communication Networks/standards , Forms and Records Control/methods , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Systems IntegrationABSTRACT
Our team built a standards-based prototype system for multi-national public health reporting and surveillance. It uses interoperability specifications from Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) and open source technologies from Eclipse OHF. Public health organizations leveraging interoperability standards implemented within the clinical domain will have the most standardized data ever achieved; allowing them to focus attention on creating new tools to better visualize population health, detect outbreaks, determine policy effectiveness, and perform forecast modeling.
