[Changes in gastrulation processes during phylogenesis in the animal world]. / Izmeneniia gastruliatsionnykh protsessov v filogeneze zhivotnogo mira.

While treating gastrulation only as the entoderm individualization and formation of a double layer germ we do not take into consideration the alterations which gastrulation process has undergone in phylogenesis of different animal types. On the other hand, if entoderm formation (in vertebrates--with discoblastula) is not included in the notion of gastrulation, it will result in a complete incompartibility of gastrulation processes in other groups of animal kingdom. In birds and mammals, gastrulation is a double phasic process: the first phase--entoderm individualization by means of delamination (in combination with immigration), double layer germ formation; the second phase--individualization of mesoderm and chorda from the epiblast composition, a triple layer germ formation, the axial complex germs formation. During phylogenesis of the animal kingdom not only means and mechanisms of gastrulation change but also the contents of the process. For example, in Chordata besides increase in number of germ layers, gastrulation also includes the formation of the axial germ complex. As a result of gastrulational rearrangements of the blastula cellular maternal, the gastrula cell complex (germ layers and germs) come into a new system of interrelationships owing to which architectonic organizational bases of each particular animal type is laid down.