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1.
Anal Chem ; 88(12): 6395-402, 2016 06 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27189380

ABSTRACT

Because of the fact that pigments are not ubiquitous in the archeological record, the application of noninvasive analytical methods is a necessity. In this work, pink and purple lake pigments recovered from the excavations of the ancient city of Pompeii (Campania, Italy) and preserved in their original bowls at the Naples National Archaeological Museum (Italy) were analyzed to characterize the composition of their inorganic binders (mordants). In situ preliminary analyses using a hand-held energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (HH-ED-XRF) allowed us to determine the use of an aluminosilicate enriched in Cu and Pb. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and benchtop ED-XRF analyses confirmed these results, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) allowed one to determine the concentration of major, minor, and trace elements. The use of other techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman and infrared spectroscopies allowed one to characterize the pigments at the molecular level. The high concentration of Cu detected in the pigments (1228-12937 µg g(-1)) could be related to the addition of Cu salts to obtain the desired final hue. The concentrations of Pb (987-2083 µg g(-1)) was also remarkable. Lead isotopic ratio analysis ((206)Pb/(207)Pb) suggested a possible origin related to the leaching of the ancient lead pipes from Pompeii and the subsequent transfer to the buried pigments or to the inorganic binder. Molecular analysis also showed that the binder is composed of an allophane-like clay. Moreover, it was possible to determine that to obtain the final purple hue of a specific pigment, Pompeian blue pigment was also mixed into the dyed clay.

2.
Appl Spectrosc ; 70(1): 137-46, 2016 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26767639

ABSTRACT

This work presents a methodology that combines spectroscopic speciation, performed through portable Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) working in situ, and thermodynamic speciation to diagnose the environmental impacts, induced by past and current events, on two wall painting panels (Nos. 9103 and 9255) extracted more than 150 years ago from the walls of a Pompeian house (Marcus Lucretius House, Regio IX, Insula 3, House 5/24) and deposited in the Naples National Archaeological Museum (MANN). The results show a severe chemical attack of the acid gases that can be explained only by the action of H2S during and just after the eruption of the Vesuvius volcano, that expelled a high concentration of sulfur gases. This fact can be considered as the most important process impacting the wall painting panels deposited in the museum, while the rain-wash processes and the colonization of microorganisms have not been observed in contrast to the impacts shown by the wall paintings left outside in the archaeological site of Pompeii. Moreover, the systematic presence of lead traces and strontium in both wall paintings suggests their presence as impurities of the calcite mortars (intonacco) or calcite binder of these particular fresco Pompeian murals.


Subject(s)
Archaeology/methods , Paint/analysis , Paint/history , Paintings/history , Spectrum Analysis/methods , History, Ancient , Italy
3.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23376265

ABSTRACT

Several Finish wallpapers from the 18th and 19th century were analysed by using Raman spectroscopy assisted with EDXRF instrumentation, in an attempt of determine the pigments used in their manufacture process as well as of trying to date some of the samples through pigment composition. All pigments present in samples were determined and surprisingly the unusual and strange iron (III) chromate yellow pigment was found. Besides, unusual mixtures were found to obtain fashionable colours, especially in blue and green areas, where more than one blue pigments were mixed with green and yellow pigments. Blue verditer, ultramarine blue, Prussian blue, chrome yellow, calcite, lead white, red and yellow iron oxide, gypsum and carbon black were identified. The presence of the risky and poisonous emerald green must be highlighted. The results were compared with those found in other wallpapers from Spain and France.


Subject(s)
Chromates/analysis , Coloring Agents/analysis , Ferric Compounds/analysis , Paint/analysis , Paint/history , Paper/history , Finland , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
4.
Anal Chem ; 83(9): 3319-26, 2011 May 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21526859

ABSTRACT

After many decades exposed to a polluted environment, in some areas of Marcus Lucretius House, there are clear signs that plasters and hematite pigments are suffering deterioration. In the exhaustive analysis of the black layer covering the red pigment hematite it was possible to identify magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) as responsible for the black colour, which always appears in combination with gypsum. Thermodynamic modelling stated that the presence of gypsum as well as the transformation of hematite into magnetite is a consequence of the attack of atmospheric SO(2).

5.
Anal Bioanal Chem ; 398(7-8): 3203-14, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20922516

ABSTRACT

Two original art installations constructed from unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) and four different reference UPR products (before and after UVB aging) were analyzed by high-resolution 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Breaking strain studies were also conducted for the four UPR model products before and after different aging procedures (moisture, UVB exposure, melt/freeze). NMR analysis of the chemical composition of the UPR resin extracts showed they contain several low MW organic compounds and oligomers rich in polar -OH groups that play a significant role in the degradation behavior of the composite UPR materials. Statistical analysis of the NMR compositional data showed that styrene and benzaldehyde contents can be used to differentiate between fresh and aged UPR samples. The phthalate and propylene glycol unit speciation (esterified, primary or secondary -OH) of the extracts provided evidence that UPR resin C was used in the construction of the two art installations, and direct comparison of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra verified this compositional similarity. UPR resin C was shown by both NMR and breaking strain studies to be the reference UPR most susceptible to degradation by different aging procedures, a characteristic attributed to the lower styrene content of resin C.

6.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc ; 73(4): 764-71, 2009 Aug 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19409839

ABSTRACT

It is demonstrated that micro-ATR-FT-IR in the low wave number range (500-230 cm(-1)) can be well used for identification of pigments in paint samples thereby markedly extending the possibilities of pigment identification by ATR-IR spectroscopy into the realm of pigments having no absorptions in the mid-IR region. Reference spectra of pigments can be conveniently obtained by mixing them with linseed oil in approximately 1:1 mass ratio. Vermilion (or cinnabar), read lead, different red iron oxide pigments and cadmium red can be identified. In some cases the method can be used alone for pigment identification and in many cases it provides useful additional evidence for pigment identification using other instrumental techniques (electron microprobe analysis, XRF, optical microscopy).


Subject(s)
Coloring Agents/analysis , Paint/analysis , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods , Calcium Carbonate/analysis , Ferric Compounds/analysis
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