[Evaluation of functional adaptation level in air specialists according to biochemical indexes of saliva secretion].

It was examined a capability of evaluation of functional condition of air staff by indexes of natrium, kalium, cortisol and glucose in saliva. There were realized 5 series of examinations with participations of 71 airplane pilot of the same level in conditions of realizing flies of different difficultness. Saliva sampling was effectuated before and after the flies not later then 10-15 minutes after landing. On pre-flight medical examination and after performance of task of air relay there was registration of systolic, diasystolic blood pressure and cardiac rate. It was posed the correlation of physiological indexes with percentage of examined ingredients in saliva in different flight loads. The results of examinations speak for capability of using of indexes of percentage of natrium, kalium, cortisol and glucose in saliva for evaluation of functional condition of airplane pilots during effectuating the flies and rating of value of flight load with account of individual peculiarities.

[Complex evaluation of parachutists' stress-endurance by biochemical characteristics of saliva].

Variations in saliva biochemical characteristics of parachuting sportsmen were analyzed after flight duty. The investigation revealed three types of saliva biochemical reactions to the stresses of parachuting. Our data point to the possibility to judge about the level of tension in organism of people engaged in difficult and extreme activities by saliva concentrations of Na+, K+, cortisol and glucose along with the physiological and psychological investigations traditionally employed by aviation and sport medicine.

[Effect of long flying overloads with moderate values on functional capacity of airplane crew members].

The influence of long (up to 5 min) flying overloads with moderate values (2-5 U, at the increase and descent rate of 0,6-1,5 U/s) on the functional state and activities of airplane crewmembers was studied during the real flights. It was established that the influence of such overloads causes the unfavorable changes in the functional state and decrease in the effectiveness of crewmembers' (especially of a navigator-operator) actions. It was shown that the use of measure complex (during the flight the crewmembers use anti-overload dress, the pilot informs the navigator-operator about beginning of maneuvering, trainings on statoergometer to improve the crewmembers' static physical endurance) allows increasing the crews' psychophysiologic capacity during the maneuvers accompanied with the effect of complex flying overloads with moderate values.

[Medical-psychological aspects of flying training of pilots for informal aviation structure].

The authors report the data of medical and psychological monitorized of in formal aviation pilots trained for flying motor-hang-planes. Monitoring was conducted in two categories of pilots: professionals (reserves, n = 6) and amateurs (n = 6). Psychophysiological profile and level of neuroemotional stress before and after training were in correlation with previous flying experience. These results point to the importance of differential approach to planning and preparation of training flights for different categories of pilots.

[The effect of overloading from intensive maneuvering on the function of the peripheral chromatic field of vision]. / Vliianie peregruzok intensivnogo manevrirovaniia na sostoianie perifericheskogo khromaticheskogo polia zreniia.

Data on the peripheral chromatic field of vision (PCFV) in pilots after centrifugation and missions with intensive maneuvering associated with accelerations (+Gz) higher than 6 g are presented. Depression of the PCFV area due to hypergravity was most expressed in the shortwave section of the visible spectrum and closely linked with the state of cranial hemodynamics. Changes in PCFV persisted for quite long period, i.e. initial values did not regain following 40 min since exposure to accelerations. Correlation between the degree of PCFV changes and pilot's tolerance to accelerations was established. According to the factual data analysis, the PCFV technique can be used to evaluate the dynamics of G-tolerance during intensive maneuvering aircraft.

Effect of stem cell factor, interleukin-6, nitric oxide and transforming growth factor-beta on the osteoclast differentiation induced by 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in primary murine bone marrow cultures.

Osteotropic hormones and cytokines are involved in the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors from haematopoietic stem cells to multinucleated osteoclasts which mediate bone resorption. Stem cell factor, interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and transforming growth factor-beta are implicated in the regulation of bone resorption by osteoclast. We test whether stem cell factor, interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and transforming growth factor-beta affect the generation of osteoclast-like multi-nucleated cells induced by 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3. 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 increase the generation of osteoclast-like cells retaining osteoclast characteristics including multinuclearity and positive staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Combined treatment of stem cell factor with interleukin-6 synergistically potentiates the ability of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 to generate tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells. However, either stem cell factor or interleukin-6 alone does not induce the generation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells. Transforming growth factor-beta produces a biphasic effect on osteoclast generation induced by 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3. Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates osteoclast generation at low concentration (0.1 ng/ml) whereas it suppresses the formation of osteoclast-like cell at higher concentration (1 ng/ml). Sodium nitroprusside, a donor of nitric oxide, almost completely inhibits the generation of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3-induced osteoclast at high concentration (100 microM), but it significantly enhances the osteoclast generation at low concentrations (3 microM). These results suggest that stem cell factor, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta, and nitric oxide interact with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 to modulate the differentiation of hematopoietic precursors toward committed osteoclast precursors.

[Formation of a unified system of mental regulation of activities and functional state of the flyer during effects of piloting strain]. / Formirovanie edinoi sistemy psikhicheskoi reguliatsii deiatel'nosti i funktsional'nogo sostoianiia letchika pri vozdeistvii pilotazhnykh peregruzok.

The article describes the method of improving professional dependability of pilot impacted by aerobat g-loads through formation of a unified system for psychic regulation of his activity and status of the psychological function in the process of training on flight simulator. To this end, the simulator was retrofitted with an adaptive training circuit to establish functional and correction feedback by changing the intensity of display brightness proportionally to the degree of "g-load" and effectiveness of countermeasures applied to simulate visual disorders due to hypergravity. Data from real flights with high aerobat g-loads proved effectiveness of the proposed training scenarios as judged by increased probability of administration of breathing (0.9 vs. 0.4) and muscular (1.0 vs. 0.8) countermeasures by members of the experimental group against their controls. Besides, the trained pilots had no visual disorders, whereas this was the case in 28% of their controls. Possible mechanisms of how to form a unified system for psychic regulation in which implementation of a task is kept under permanent conscious control and self-control of the psychological function is essentially accomplished on the level of automated habits are the subject of the authors' discussion.

Differential expression of protein kinase C genes in cultured mast cells derived from normal and mast-cell-deficient mice and mast cell lines.

We investigated the expression of mRNA of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, xi, and eta) in cultured mast cells (CMC) derived from normal (+/+) mice, CMC derived from genetically mast-cell-deficient (W/W, Wv/Wv, and mi/mi) mice, and murine mast cell lines (IC2, MC9, and P-815) by Northern blotting. In +/+ CMC, abundant expression of PKC delta and moderate expression of PKC alpha and beta was observed, while other PKCs (types gamma, epsilon, xi, and eta) were not detected. In vivo expression of PKC delta was demonstrated in the skin by in situ hybridization. In mast cell lines, the expression pattern of PKC isozymes was similar to that of +/+ CMC, except that the expression of PKC eta was detected in the IC2 cell line. The expression levels of PKC delta in CMC derived from c-kit-deficient mutants, W/W, Wv/Wv, and mi/mi, were lower than that of +/+ mice. These results indicate that PKC delta is the main isozyme in various types of murine mast cells and also suggest that the reduced level of PKC delta expression in mutant mice may be caused by a deficit in the signal transduction system through c-kit receptor.