ABSTRACT
Although basal cell carcinoma is extremely common, it only rarely occurs on the nipple. Men are affected more often than women. Basal cell carcinoma of the nipple-areola complex may be more aggressive as metastases to regional lymph nodes have been reported. We report a basal cell carcinoma of the nipple with features of a fibroepithelioma of Pinkus in a man and review the literature.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis , Nipples , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Biopsy , Breast Neoplasms, Male/pathology , Breast Neoplasms, Male/surgery , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Mammography , Mastectomy, Simple , Middle Aged , Nipples/pathology , Nipples/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Ultrasonography, MammaryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mechanical intestinal obstruction is a difficult-to-diagnose surgical emergency, especially in the early stage. Clinical and radiological evaluation are the main methods for the diagnosis. Metabolic, inflammatory and ischemic changes occur during intestinal obstruction. No specific biochemical parameters related to diagnosis and severity of intestinal obstruction have been found. In this experimental study, we investigated serum tumor necrosis factor a L-glutamate and L-lactate levels as biochemical markers which reflect physiopathological processes in two different stages of intestinal obstruction. METHODS: Mechanical obstruction was created in Wistar rats with distal ileal ligation. Animals were divided into five groups (Control, Sham-12, Sham-24, Intestinal obstruction 12 and intestinal obstruction-24) and each group consisted of 10 rats. Blood samples were taken 12 and 24 hours after Sham and intestinal obstruction operations. Tumor necrosis factor a levels were measured by ELISA. Serum L-glutamate and L-lactate levels were measured by colorimetric method. RESULTS: Glutamate levels were significantly high especially in the early stage, whereas tumor necrosis factor a increase was significant only in late stage of intestinal obstruction. Serum lactate levels were similar among the groups. CONCLUSION: Serum glutamate levels may have a potential role as a biochemical parameter contributing to diagnosis, especially in the early stages of intestinal obstruction.
