ABSTRACT
AIM: Cognitive dysfunction is a neurologic manifestation in primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS). On the other hand, several antibodies are related to cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this study is to assess the cognitive dysfunction of PSS patients via detailed neurologic tests. Moreover, its associations with antibodies were also evaluated. METHOD: Twenty-eight female patients with PSS and 17 healthy controls comprised the study groups. Short-term memory, long-term memory, verbal learning, visual memory, visual spatial perception, attention, verbal frequency function, executive functions and information processing speed were evaluated with neurologic tests in both of the study groups. Furthermore, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type anti-glutamate-receptor antibody, anti-ribosomal-p and antiganglioside antibodies were assessed in the study groups. RESULTS: The attention, data processing speed, verbal learning, short-term verbal memory and visuo-spatial perception performances were lower in the patients with PSS when compared to the healthy controls. The difference reached statistical significance in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (P < 0.01), Serial Digit Learning Test (P < 0.01), clock drawing (P = 0.03), Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate verbal memory (P = 0.01) and Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test (P = 0.03). Even if antiganglioside antibodies were more likely to be present in the PSS group when compared to the healthy controls, no relationship was found between its positivity and cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that cognitive dysfunction is quite prevalent in PSS patients without being associated with studied antibodies.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/etiology , Cognition , Sjogren's Syndrome/complications , Adult , Attention , Autoantibodies/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Case-Control Studies , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Executive Function , Female , Gangliosides/immunology , Humans , Memory , Middle Aged , N-Methylaspartate/immunology , Neuropsychological Tests , Registries , Ribosomal Proteins/immunology , Sjogren's Syndrome/blood , Sjogren's Syndrome/diagnosis , Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology , Space Perception , Visual PerceptionABSTRACT
To identify any structural differences in macular choroidal thickness in migraine patients and compare them with that of control subjects by using spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In this prospective study, choroidal thicknesses of 32 migraine patients during migraine attack-free period and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were measured using SD-OCT. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination before the measurements. The migraine patients were classified into the migraine with aura group or the migraine without aura group. Migraine severity was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), migraine disability questionnaire (Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS), and Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale. Thirty eyes of 32 subjects (31 female and 1 male) in the migraine group and 32 eyes of 32 subjects (31 female and 1 male) in control group were evaluated. In the study group, 16 patients suffered migraine without aura (MWA) and 16 patients were diagnosed as migraine with aura (MA). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was 353.3 ± 66.5 µm in the control group versus 304.3 ± 72.9 µm and 276.1 ± 61.4 µm in MWA and MA groups, respectively. The difference in SFCT between the migraine patients and the controls was significant (p < 0.001). Additionally, a moderate correlation was found between SFCT and the VAS score and W baker score (r = 0.48, p = 0.008 and r = 0.43, p = 0.02, respectively). The choroidal thickness was found to decrease significantly not only in migraine patients with aura but also in those without aura during the attack-free period.
