ABSTRACT
Two allopatric populations of Brazilian diploid and tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus species complex, both from São Paulo state, had their blood hemoglobin biochemically analyzed. In addition, these specimens were cytogenetically characterized. Biochemical characterization of hemoglobin expression showed a distinct banding pattern between the allopatric specimens. Besides this, two distinct phenotypes, not linked to ploidy, sex, or age, were observed in adult animals of both populations. Phenotype A exhibits dark-colored body with small papillae, ogival-shaped jaw with reduced interpupillary distance and shorter hind limbs. Phenotype B shows yellowish-colored body with larger papillae, arch-shaped jaw with broader interpupillary distance and longer hind limbs. Intermediate phenotypes were also found. Considering the geographical isolation of both populations, differences in chromosomal secondary constrictions and distinct hemoglobins banding patterns, these data indicate that 2n and 4n populations represent cryptic species in the O. americanus species complex. The observed phenotypic diversity can be interpreted as population genetic variability. Eventually future data may indicate a probable beginning of speciation in these Brazilian frogs. Such inter- and intrapopulational differentiation/speciation process indicates that O. americanus species complex taxonomy deserves further evaluation by genomics and metabarcoding communities, also considering the pattern of hemoglobin expression, in South American frogs.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The scorpion Tityus stigmurus is widely distributed in Northeastern Brazil and known to cause severe human envenoming, inducing pain, hyposthesia, edema, erythema, paresthesia, headaches and vomiting. The present study uses a transcriptomic approach to characterize the gene expression profile from the non-stimulated venom gland of Tityus stigmurus scorpion. RESULTS: A cDNA library was constructed and 540 clones were sequenced and grouped into 153 clusters, with one or more ESTs (expressed sequence tags). Forty-one percent of ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, with transcripts encoding antimicrobial toxins (AMP-like) being the most abundant, followed by alfa KTx- like, beta KTx-like, beta NaTx-like and alfa NaTx-like. Our analysis indicated that 34% of the transcripts encode "other possible venom molecules", which correspond to anionic peptides, hypothetical secreted peptides, metalloproteinases, cystein-rich peptides and lectins. Fifteen percent of ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts. Sequences without good matches corresponded to 11%. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides the first global view of gene expression of the venom gland from Tityus stigmurus under resting conditions. This approach enables characterization of a large number of venom gland component molecules, which belong either to known or non yet described types of venom peptides and proteins from the Buthidae family.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling , Scorpion Venoms/genetics , Scorpions/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemistry , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism , Expressed Sequence Tags , Gene Library , Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/chemistry , Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/metabolism , Lectins/chemistry , Lectins/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Neurotoxins/chemistry , Neurotoxins/metabolism , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/metabolism , Scorpion Venoms/classification , Scorpion Venoms/metabolism , Sequence AlignmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The bite of spiders belonging to the genus Loxosceles can induce a variety of clinical symptoms, including dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leakage, haemolysis, and persistent inflammation. In order to examine the transcripts expressed in venom gland of Loxosceles laeta spider and to unveil the potential of its products on cellular structure and functional aspects, we generated 3,008 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a cDNA library. RESULTS: All ESTs were clustered into 1,357 clusters, of which 16.4% of the total ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, being the Sphingomyelinases D the most abundant transcript; 14.5% include "possible toxins", whose transcripts correspond to metalloproteinases, serinoproteinases, hyaluronidases, lipases, C-lectins, cystein peptidases and inhibitors. Thirty three percent of the ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts, being the major part represented by molecules involved in gene and protein expression, reflecting the specialization of this tissue for protein synthesis. In addition, a considerable number of sequences, 25%, has no significant similarity to any known sequence. CONCLUSION: This study provides a first global view of the gene expression scenario of the venom gland of L. laeta described so far, indicating the molecular bases of its venom composition.
