ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Substance use disorders (SUDs) have high comorbidities with psychiatric disorders. Childhood and adolescence are particularly vulnerable developmental periods for the onset of SUDs. The objective of this study was to explore the differences, if any, between Mexican adolescents and young adults with respect to the prevalences of groups of psychiatric disorders, the types of substances used and the social factors involved. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 781 patients evaluated at the Youth Integration Center in Mexico City. The diagnostic criteria for SUDs and psychiatric disorders were defined according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10. Associations between SUDs and psychiatric disorders were evaluated via multivariate analysis using logistic regression models. RESULTS: The adolescents were more frequently substance abusers, whereas the adults had legal problems more often than the adolescents. We showed that adolescents using inhalants or cocaine were 1.62 more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, adults using inhalants were 3.33 times more likely to meet the criteria for a psychotic disorder. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We found that adolescents diagnosed with ADHD were more likely to have problems with use or abuse of or dependence on inhalants, and an elevated prevalence of parental SUDs was found in both the adolescent and adult groups. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings indicate that earlier diagnosis and intervention are necessary in adolescents with ADHD and/or parental SUDs to prevent more advanced psychiatric diseases and adverse social consequences during adulthood. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-7).
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Social Problems/prevention & control , Substance-Related Disorders , Adolescent , Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Child , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)/statistics & numerical data , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Parents/psychology , Prevalence , Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Substance-Related Disorders/psychologyABSTRACT
Acute, acute-on-chronic and chronic liver diseases are major health issues worldwide, and most cases end with the need for liver transplantation. Up to 90% of the patients die waiting for an organ to be transplanted. Hepatic encephalopathy is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome that usually accompanies liver failure and impacts greatly on the quality of life. The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) is a recently developed form of artificial liver support that functions on a base of albumin dialysis. It facilitates the dialysis of albumin-bound and water-soluble toxins, allowing the patient to survive and even improving some clinical features of liver failure. The following manuscript reviews the technical features of MARS operation and some of the clinical trials that analyze the efficacy of the system in the therapy of liver diseases.
Subject(s)
Hepatic Encephalopathy/etiology , Hepatic Encephalopathy/therapy , Liver Failure/complications , Liver, Artificial , Renal Dialysis/methods , Albumins , Humans , Sorption Detoxification/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Liver disease is a major health issue in Mexico. Although several studies have been performed to analyze the impact of liver diseases on the Mexican population, none has compared the prevalence and impact of liver disease between states within Mexico. AIM: To analyze trends in mortality associated with liver diseases from 2000 to 2007 at the national and state levels. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Ministry of Health (number of deaths) and the National Population Council (CONAPO) (population at risk) and mortality rates were analyzed using statistical software. RESULTS: Mortality due to viral hepatitis, liver tumors, and cirrhosis increased over the study period. Alcohol-related mortality decreased but was still the main cause of liver-related deaths. Viral hepatitis infection occurred predominantly in the northern states and liver tumors occurred predominantly in the central region. Alcohol-related deaths were elevated along the Pacific shoreline and deaths associated with cirrhosis occurred mainly in the central and southern states. CONCLUSION: Incidence of liver-related mortality has increased and will continue to do so in the future.