ABSTRACT
Platelet activation and adhesion to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins are crucial events in the development of arterial cardiovascular diseases. Platelet activation is initiated by stimulation of intracellular signaling cascades, including the p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK pathways, followed by major changes in the platelet cytoskeleton and expression and activation of platelet surface receptors, such as P-selectin (CD62P) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). Activated platelets directly bind to vascular endothelial cells via CD40L/CD40 interactions and induce inflammatory reactions that initiate or aggravate atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of two known platelet inhibitors-the cAMP-elevating prostaglandin E(1) (PG-E(1)) and the cGMP-elevating sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-on platelet p42 MAPK and p38 MAPK activation as well as on surface expression of CD62P and CD40L. MAPK activation was analyzed by Western blot experiments using phosphorylation-specific antibodies, and surface CD40L and CD62P expression was determined by flow cytometry analysis. PG-E(1) and SNP strongly inhibited p42 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation as well as CD40L and CD62P expression in response to thrombin, a thromboxane A(2) analog, and ADP. These data indicate that adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinases not only inhibit platelet pathways leading to activation and aggregation, but also those resulting in enhanced surface expression of protein ligands involved in inflammation. Expression of CD40L and CD62P was found to be independent of MAPK activation, since it was not inhibited by specific MAPK inhibitors. Inhibition of platelet-induced inflammatory responses including CD62P- and CD40L-mediated interaction of platelets with leukocytes and endothelial cells, respectively, is suggested to be an important component of the long-term vasoprotective effects of cyclic nucleotide-elevating prostaglandins and NO donors.
