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2.
Free Radic Res ; 43(4): 390-9, 2009 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19296328

ABSTRACT

Renal and cardiac benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition exceed blood pressure (BP) reduction and seem to involve mitochondrial function. It has been shown that RAS inhibition prevented mitochondrial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kidneys. Here, it is investigated whether a non-antihypertensive enalapril dose protects cardiac tissue and mitochondria function. Three-month-old SHR received water containing enalapril (10 mg/kg/day, SHR+Enal) or no additions (SHR-C) for 5 months. Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were normotensive controls. At month 5, BP was similar in SHR+Enal and SHR-C. In SHR+Enal and WKY, heart weight and myocardial fibrosis were lower than in SHR-C. Matrix metalloprotease-2 activity was lower in SHR+Enal with respect to SHR-C and WKY. In SHR+Enal and WKY, NADH/cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, eNOS protein and activity and mtNOS activity were higher and Mn-SOD activity was lower than in SHR-C. In summary, enalapril at a non-antihypertensive dose prevented cardiac hypertrophy and modifies parameters of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in SHR.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enalapril/administration & dosage , Heart/drug effects , Hypertension/drug therapy , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cardiomegaly/prevention & control , Hypertension/pathology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Myocardium/metabolism , Myocardium/pathology , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Organ Size/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Inbred WKY , Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
3.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol ; 41(5): 1002-5, 2009 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18992840

ABSTRACT

Once considered as a mere by-product of respiration, mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has recently emerged as a genetically controlled phenomenon, involved in complex intracellular signal transduction cascades that directly regulate cell survival and death in responses to environmental stressors. These cascades are involved in the pathogenesis of several major age-related diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, and also appear to somehow regulate the "normal" ageing process. The present short review summarizes recent discoveries on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulation by p53, a tumor suppressor protein and p66shc, a protein implicated in the life-span determination. It also outlines the emerging network whereby these molecules cross-talk with each other and with the mitochondrial antioxidant system, namely MnSOD (SOD2), another life-span determining protein, to regulate oxidative stress in the organelle. This molecular circuit, which comprises two genetic determinants of longevity and a major tumor suppressor gene, also provides a theoretical framework connecting senescence and cancer.


Subject(s)
Mitochondria/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism , Humans , Mitochondria/enzymology , Mitochondria/genetics , Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics , Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1 , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
4.
Lab Invest ; 88(7): 750-60, 2008 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18490896

ABSTRACT

Mice lacking the 66 kDa isoform of the adapter molecule shcA (p66(shcA)) display increased resistance to oxidative stress and delayed aging. In cultured cell lines, p66 promotes formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in mitochondria, and apoptotic cell death in response to a variety of pro-oxidant noxious stimuli. As mitochondrial ROS and oxidative cell damage are clearly involved in alcohol-induced pathology, we hypothesized that p66 may also have a role in ethanol. In vivo, changes observed in p66+/+ mice after 6-week exposure to ethanol in the drinking water, including elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver swelling and evident liver steatosis, were significantly attenuated in p66-/- mutant mice. Biochemical analysis of liver tissues revealed induction of the p66 protein by ethanol, whereas p66-deficient livers responded to alcohol with a significant upregulation of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme MnSOD, nearly absent in control mice. Evidence of an inverse correlation between expression level of p66 and protection from alcohol-induced oxidative stress was also confirmed in vitro in primary hepatocytes and in HepG2-E47 cells, an ethanol-responsive hepatoma cell line. In fact, MnSOD upregulation by exposure to ethanol in vitro was much more pronounced in p66KO versus wild-type isolated liver cells, and blunted in HepG2 cells overexpressing p66shc. p66 overexpression also prevented the activation of a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the SOD2 promoter, indicating that p66 repression of MnSOD operates at a transcriptional level. Finally, p66 generated ROS in HepG2 cells and potentiated oxidative stress and mitochondrial depolarization by ethanol. Taken together, the above observations clearly indicate a role for p66 in alcohol-induced cell damage, likely via a cell-autonomous mechanism involving reduced expression of antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial dysfunction.


Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology , Ethanol/pharmacology , Liver/drug effects , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Cell Line, Tumor , Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism , Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation , Hepatocytes/metabolism , Humans , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Liver Neoplasms , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/physiology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins , Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1 , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
5.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 325(1): 97-100, 2004 Dec 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15522206

ABSTRACT

Ethanol consumption represents a major risk factor for cancer development, and a significant fraction of hepatocarcinomas arises in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Increasing evidence indicates that ethanol acts as a tumor promoter on genetically initiated cells, by increasing the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species and promoting tissue necrosis/regeneration and cell proliferation. The tumor suppressor p53 restrains the expansion of carcinogen-initiated cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; accordingly, p53-deficient mice develop spontaneous and chemically induced neoplasms at a much higher frequency than normal mice. In normal mice exposed to a subacute (3 weeks) ethanol intoxication, a significant increase in the number of apoptotic hepatocytes was observed in concomitance with the up-regulation of the mitochondrial superoxide scavenger MnSOD, a reliable indicator of oxidative stress. Cell death occurred in the absence of liver inflammation and necrosis. Ethanol-induced hepatocyte apoptosis was completely abrogated in the p53 null background, suggesting that the tumor suppressor is necessary for hepatocyte death by ethanol. Accordingly, p53 -/- MEF were, unlike wild type cells, completely insensitive up to 0.5M ethanol in the culture medium. Strikingly, marked and widespread signs of dysplasia, with nuclear pleomorphisms and initial loss of normal architecture, heralding malignant transformation, were scored in all the mutant mice exposed to ethanol, but not in the control-fed littermates nor in ethanol-fed normal mice. These observations suggest that p53-dependent apoptosis restrains the tumorigenic effect of ethanol on liver cells, in agreement with the frequent loss of p53 function in HCC, and reveal an unexpected carcinogenic potential of alcohol which appears to be independent from the induction of cirrhosis and hepatocyte regeneration.


Subject(s)
Apoptosis/physiology , Ethanol/administration & dosage , Hepatocytes/physiology , Liver/pathology , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Ethanol/pharmacology , Hepatocytes/cytology , Humans , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Liver/drug effects , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
6.
Mol Aspects Med ; 25(1-2): 191-8, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15051327

ABSTRACT

Although in the past several mechanisms and factors have been proposed to be responsible for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), at present the involvement of oxygen free radicals and consequently of oxidative stress has acquired remarkable credit. In numerous experimental studies it has been shown the occurrence of alcohol-induced generation of oxygen- and ethanol-derived free radicals through different pathways and from different sources. Mitochondria appear to be both an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also a primary target of ethanol-induced damage. The consistent induction of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) observed in experimental animals after acute and chronic ethanol administration has all the characteristics of a "stress response" to an oxidative insult.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/physiology , Ethanol/adverse effects , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Animals , Humans , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/genetics , Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/physiopathology , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
7.
Free Radic Res ; 36(3): 269-75, 2002 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12071345

ABSTRACT

It is generally agreed that the deleterious pathophysiological effects of ethanol are caused, at least partially by an increase in free radical production. However, little attention has been directed to the effects of ethanol upon elderly organisms. Male Wistar rats at ages 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were treated either with a single i.p. dose of 35% ethanol (v/v) at 3 g ethanol/kg body weight or an isovolumetric amount of 0.9% saline solution. We then assessed the plasma levels of transaminases and hepatic levels of oxidative stress-related parameters, followed by liver histological evaluation. The younger rats (3 months old) were not affected by the treatment with ethanol with respect to any of the studied parameters except for a lowering of total hepatic GSH and an increase in hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactants (TBARS) formation, while animals older than 3 months were increasingly more affected by the treatment. Acute ethanol treatment elicited the similar responses to those in the 3 months-old group, plus a decrease in the hepatic and plasma levels of beta-carotene and the plasma level of alpha-tocopherol, as well as an increase in the activity of plasma transaminases. In the 12,18 and 24 months old groups, there was increasing liver necrosis. These findings suggest that liver damage induced by acute ethanol administration in elderly rats may involve a lack of antioxidants.


Subject(s)
Aging/drug effects , Ethanol/administration & dosage , Hexachlorocyclohexane/pharmacology , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/etiology , Liver/drug effects , Oxidants/analysis , Aging/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/analysis , Body Weight , Ethanol/blood , Hexachlorocyclohexane/administration & dosage , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Liver/metabolism , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/metabolism , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/pathology , Male , Organ Size , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances , Transaminases/metabolism , Vitamin E/analysis
10.
Medicina [B.Aires] ; 47(1): 13-9, 1987. Tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-31580

ABSTRACT

Entre enero de 1979 y diciembre de 1984 se estudiaron y trataron 103 enfermos con tuberculosis pulmonar e ictericia. En 59 enfermos, sin historia de enfermedad hepática y con los tests de función hepática normales al iniciar el tratamiento antituberculoso, la ictericia apareció durante el mismo; en el Grupo I y en la primera columna de Tabla I se indican sus características y el tratamiento que recibieron. Seis pacientes tuvieron hepatitis aguda viral confirmada por la positividad del HBsAg y la biopsia hepatica, la tuberculosis comprometía el hígado en otros 3 enfermos; en los restantes 50 la ictericia puede atribuirse a las drogas usadas en el tratamiento. En Tabla 2 se indica la histología hepática. El tratamiento fue suspendido al aparecer la ictericia y reinstituido cuando los tests de función eran normales y en sólo un caso, con enfermedad de Hodgkin, reapareció la ictericia. El tratamiento duró entre 6 y 8 meses; la evolución fue favorable - curaron la tuberculosis pulmonar - en 49 enfermos; 10 fallecieron, 2 debido a necrosis hepática mas va, 2 por cirrosis hepática y 6 por progresión de la tuberculosis pulmonar. El Grupo II está formado por 44 enfermos que ingresaron al hospital con ictericia, la tuberculosis pulmonar se diagnosticó después; sus características y el tratamiento que recibieron se indican en la segunda columna de Tabla 1. La mortalidad fue alta en este grupo y debida, en la mayoría, a la tuberculosis pulmonar; en Tabla 2 se indican las lesiones hepáticas; 20 enfermos tuvieron evolución favorable y en 18 los tests de función hepática se normalizaron entre los 20 y 30 días del tratamiento; en 2 pacientes con hepatitis alcohólica la bilirrubina total permaneció elevada los 6 meses de tratamiento. En base a estos hechos se considera que cuando aparece ictericia durante el tratamiento antituberculoso con estos esquemas terapéuticos se debe suspender el tratamiento... (AU)


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Jaundice/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Jaundice/chemically induced , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
11.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 47(1): 13-9, 1987. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-44827

ABSTRACT

Entre enero de 1979 y diciembre de 1984 se estudiaron y trataron 103 enfermos con tuberculosis pulmonar e ictericia. En 59 enfermos, sin historia de enfermedad hepática y con los tests de función hepática normales al iniciar el tratamiento antituberculoso, la ictericia apareció durante el mismo; en el Grupo I y en la primera columna de Tabla I se indican sus características y el tratamiento que recibieron. Seis pacientes tuvieron hepatitis aguda viral confirmada por la positividad del HBsAg y la biopsia hepatica, la tuberculosis comprometía el hígado en otros 3 enfermos; en los restantes 50 la ictericia puede atribuirse a las drogas usadas en el tratamiento. En Tabla 2 se indica la histología hepática. El tratamiento fue suspendido al aparecer la ictericia y reinstituido cuando los tests de función eran normales y en sólo un caso, con enfermedad de Hodgkin, reapareció la ictericia. El tratamiento duró entre 6 y 8 meses; la evolución fue favorable - curaron la tuberculosis pulmonar - en 49 enfermos; 10 fallecieron, 2 debido a necrosis hepática mas va, 2 por cirrosis hepática y 6 por progresión de la tuberculosis pulmonar. El Grupo II está formado por 44 enfermos que ingresaron al hospital con ictericia, la tuberculosis pulmonar se diagnosticó después; sus características y el tratamiento que recibieron se indican en la segunda columna de Tabla 1. La mortalidad fue alta en este grupo y debida, en la mayoría, a la tuberculosis pulmonar; en Tabla 2 se indican las lesiones hepáticas; 20 enfermos tuvieron evolución favorable y en 18 los tests de función hepática se normalizaron entre los 20 y 30 días del tratamiento; en 2 pacientes con hepatitis alcohólica la bilirrubina total permaneció elevada los 6 meses de tratamiento. En base a estos hechos se considera que cuando aparece ictericia durante el tratamiento antituberculoso con estos esquemas terapéuticos se debe suspender el tratamiento...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Jaundice/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Jaundice/chemically induced , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
12.
Prensa méd. argent ; 73(13): 554-8, 5 sept. 1986. Tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-31348

ABSTRACT

La Asociación de tuberculosis pulmonar (TP) e ictericia plantea una serie de situaciones en las que intervienen varios factores: 1) la tuberculosis puede ser la única enfermedad y, al localizarse en el higado, producir ictericia; 2) de las drogas antituberculosas más usadas, la isoniacida (INH), la rifampicina (RAMP) y la pirazinamida (PZ) son capaces de producir alteraciones hepáticas e ictericia; 3) un paciente con TP puede tener, durante el tratamiento, una hepatitis viral; 4) un paciente con una enfermedad hepática ictérica puede adquirir una tuberculosis. Estas situaciones diferentes obligan al médico a elegir, en cada una de ellas, cual es la conducta terapéutica adecuada. Hemos asistido a un grupo de pacientes que presentaron esta asociación y en ellos hemos estudiado los dos procesos, el pulmonar y el hepático, tratando de establecer las relaciones entre los mismos, así como de obtener conclusiones con respecto a la conducta terapéutica (AU)


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Humans , Comparative Study , Jaundice/chemically induced , Isoniazid/adverse effects , Pyrazinamide/adverse effects , Rifampin/adverse effects , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
13.
Prensa méd. argent ; 73(13): 554-8, 5 sept. 1986. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-45670

ABSTRACT

La Asociación de tuberculosis pulmonar (TP) e ictericia plantea una serie de situaciones en las que intervienen varios factores: 1) la tuberculosis puede ser la única enfermedad y, al localizarse en el higado, producir ictericia; 2) de las drogas antituberculosas más usadas, la isoniacida (INH), la rifampicina (RAMP) y la pirazinamida (PZ) son capaces de producir alteraciones hepáticas e ictericia; 3) un paciente con TP puede tener, durante el tratamiento, una hepatitis viral; 4) un paciente con una enfermedad hepática ictérica puede adquirir una tuberculosis. Estas situaciones diferentes obligan al médico a elegir, en cada una de ellas, cual es la conducta terapéutica adecuada. Hemos asistido a un grupo de pacientes que presentaron esta asociación y en ellos hemos estudiado los dos procesos, el pulmonar y el hepático, tratando de establecer las relaciones entre los mismos, así como de obtener conclusiones con respecto a la conducta terapéutica


Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Isoniazid/adverse effects , Jaundice/chemically induced , Pyrazinamide/adverse effects , Rifampin/adverse effects , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
14.
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-31684

ABSTRACT

En 197 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar, de ambos sexo, con y sin historia de alcoholismo, se efectuó un estudio histológico y funcional del hígado antes de suministrarles drogas antituberculosas. Fueron luego tratados con esquemas que contenían 1, 2, 3 y 4 drogas por períodos variables de tiempo y después de ello se les practicó un nuevo estudio histológico del hígado. Las biopsias hepáticas se observaron con microscopía de luz y electrónica. Antes de la quimioterapia se hallaron alteraciones hepáticas variadas, vinculadas con la tuberculosis, el alcoholismo y el mal estado general. Después de suministrar las drogas muchas de esas lesiones disminuyeron o desaparecieron y en muy pocos enfermos aparecieron lesiones mínimas, atribuibles a las drogas; en ningún caso hubo síntomas clínicos ni modificaciones funcionales importantes. En base a estos hallazgos sugerimos no considerar a las drogas antituberculosas como hepatotóxicas. Los casos excepcionales de hepatitis graves se explican por un fenómeno idiosincrásico, no previsible (AU)


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Liver/ultrastructure , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
15.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-43940

ABSTRACT

En 197 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar, de ambos sexo, con y sin historia de alcoholismo, se efectuó un estudio histológico y funcional del hígado antes de suministrarles drogas antituberculosas. Fueron luego tratados con esquemas que contenían 1, 2, 3 y 4 drogas por períodos variables de tiempo y después de ello se les practicó un nuevo estudio histológico del hígado. Las biopsias hepáticas se observaron con microscopía de luz y electrónica. Antes de la quimioterapia se hallaron alteraciones hepáticas variadas, vinculadas con la tuberculosis, el alcoholismo y el mal estado general. Después de suministrar las drogas muchas de esas lesiones disminuyeron o desaparecieron y en muy pocos enfermos aparecieron lesiones mínimas, atribuibles a las drogas; en ningún caso hubo síntomas clínicos ni modificaciones funcionales importantes. En base a estos hallazgos sugerimos no considerar a las drogas antituberculosas como hepatotóxicas. Los casos excepcionales de hepatitis graves se explican por un fenómeno idiosincrásico, no previsible


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Liver/ultrastructure , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
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