[On some pathogenic features of diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetes mellitus and the role of antioxidants and ginkgo biloba].

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes and has complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Cascade of biochemical changes characteristic to other diabetes vascular complications leads to structural changes of retinal capillaries some of which are unique. As a result of all processes at different pathogenesis levels there is an increase of free radicals concentration and decrease of antioxidant protection thus provoking an oxidative stress in retina and endothelial dysfunction with subsequent hypoxia and activation of growth factors and promotion of neovascularization leading to loss of vision in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Consideration of oxidative stress reduction and restoration of retinal antioxidant system using exogenous antioxidants is a promising issue for further research.

[Kallikrein-kinin system as a target for diabetic retinopathy treatment].

Multifactor etiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) determines difficulty of understanding of pathogenesis and need of search of effective approaches to study key mechanisms of development of this microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Significant achievements of the last years show the contribution of two proteolytic systems into pathogenesis of DR, that control vascular tone and permeability - kallikrein-kinin (KKS) and renin-angiotensin systems (RAS). Among new approaches to DR treatment one of the most appropriate is an influence on KKS by means of inhibiting kallikrein, that leads to reduction of retinal vascular permeability and allows to prevent the development of macula oedema and other consequences of vascular wall damage in DR.

[The results of presbyopia correction with multifocal and accommodating intraocular lenses].

Clinical results of implantation of intraocular lenses (IOL) Restor +3D and Crystalens HD 500 for presbyopia correction were compared, indications for every IOL type were optimized. 40 patients were divided into 2 equal groups: the 1st included patients without concomitant ocular and somatic diseases, patients with these conditions were enrolled into the the 2nd group. Uncorrected visual acuity, optic phenomena and patient's satisfaction with the results of treatment were estimated in 6-12 months after surgery. Restor +3D and Crystalens implantation is effective in presbyopia correction. MIOLs provide high visual functions in all distances but reduce vision quality. In patients with concomitant diseases Crystalens HD implantation is preferable.

[New prospects in forensic medical expert evaluation of perforating wounds of the eye]. / Novye vozmozhnosti v sudebno-meditsinskoi ékspertize provodnykh ranenii organa zreniia.

The criterion "percentage of stable loss of total working capacity" is usually used in expert evaluation of perforated wounds of the eyes. However it does not always allow an objective evaluation of the ocular status. Visual acuity can vary greatly during the posttraumatic period for a rather long time, becoming worse or better during up to 1 year. Treatment and observations of 160 victims (165 eyes) helped determine the major clinical symptoms of perforated wounds and distinguish 8 symptoms characteristic of severe injuries. Use of these symptoms as criteria for evaluating the severity of injury inflicted to health helps make an objective conclusion without waiting for recovery.