[Legal and forensic medical problems of postmortem donation]. / Pravovye i sudebno-meditsinskie problemy posmertnogo donorstva.

The article is devoted to legal and forensic medical problems of postmortem donation. The substantive provisions of postmortem donation, as well as normative legal documents regulating the processes of organs harvesting from deceased persons for subsequent transplantation and governing the work of transplantologists and forensic medical experts have been considered. The practical examples illustrating the essence and nature of the problem of postmortem forensic medical expertise of persons with absent organs has been given and the importance of the participation of a forensic medical expert involved in the decision-making process on possibility (or impossibility) of the corpse's organs and tissues explantation without prejudice to the further expert examination has been emphasized. The authors pay particular attention to the inadequacy of the legal framework, including the lack of a clear understanding of the legal status of the person holding the position of forensic medical expert, who provides an expert opinion on the organs' explantation.

[Possibilities of educational process and researches realization using organs and tissues of the deceased person]. / Vozmozhnosti realizatsii obrazovatel'nogo protsessa i nauchnykh issledovanii s ispol'zovaniem organov i tkanei umershego.

The article presents the results of analysis of doctors' practical training as well as scientific research using organs and tissues of the deceased person. The main problematic aspects preventing appropriate realization of the possibility to use the unclaimed bodies, organs and tissues of the deceased person for these purposes are highlighted based on the study of regulatory framework controlling these activities, scientific publications on defined topic, as well as the direct authors' participation in the training of resident doctors and PhD students.

[Analysis of fatal electrical injury rates in the Russian Federation for the period of 2003 to 2021]. / Analiz pokazatelei smertel'noi elektrotravmy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2003­2021 gg.

Aim of this study is to research the fatal electrical injury rate in the Russian Federation, identified during the forensic medical investigation/examination of corpses for the period of 2003 to 2021, and to detect Russian regions, where fatal electrical injury rates are significantly higher than the national average. Based on research of annual reports, it has been established, that the fatal electrical injury reaches insignificant, but relatively stable part in the total amount of violent death and fatal mechanical injury in the Russian Federation. The analysis of fatal electrical injury rates depending on Russian regions showed that the Republics of Adygea and Kalmykia, Krasnodar Territory, Rostov, Kursk and Astrakhan regions are areas with the greatest prevalence of fatal electrical injury. A comparative data analysis for the Russian Federation with the European Union countries and the CIS countries demonstrates that the fatal electrical injury has a high frequency of occurrence in our country.

[Criteria for assessing the severity of the lesion and the outcome of the electric injury, depending on the parameters of the current and its pathways]. / Kriterii otsenki tyazhesti porazheniya i iskhoda elektrotravmy v zavisimosti ot parametrov toka i putei ego prokhozhdeniya.

The purpose of the work is to establish the relationship between the magnitudes of the electric current and clinical and physiological manifestations (outcome) on the basis of data from special literature. When performing forensic medical examinations, questions are often raised about the possibility of saving the life of an injured person in the provision of timely medical care, as well as the possibility of taking active actions after causing damages. The totality of the above information will enable to answer these questions reasonably. Besides, the data summarized in the article are necessary when planning experimental work in the study of electropathology and when conducting biomedical tests.

[Morphological features of skin injuries caused by conducted energy weapons (CEWs)]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti povrezhdenii kozhi, prichinennykh vystrelami iz distantsionnykh elektroshokovykh ustroistv.

The objective of the study is to identify, compare and analyze morphological features of skin injuries resulting from the experimental firing of various models of conducted energy weapons (CEWs) In the experimental study, the design features of the provided CEWs models and characteristics of skin injuries were studied using a simulator, a pig carcass, shot without a barrier point-blank, and at the distance of 0.5 cm, 5 cm, 50 cm, and 4.5 m. The results of expert and experimental studies showed differences in morphological features of skin lesions from two different CEW models with different designs. To make an objective expert conclusion on the kind of CEW used to damage the skin, distance, and angle to the target, it is necessary to perform appropriate experiments with at least two different models of these devices.

[Case studies in expert review of electrical injury]. / Vozmozhnost' resheniya situatsionnykh zadach v ramkakh ekspertizy elektrotravmy.

Electrical injury is quite rare in forensic practice, and situational examinations for this type of injury are even rarer. A case of an electrical injury is presented where the circumstances of the death and the conditions of injury were not obvious. As part of the commissioned examination, a repeated review of the accident scene and an examination of the alleged injuring object were conducted, which facilitated reconstruction of conditions and circumstances of the electric injury.

[Algorithms of comparative analysis of forensic characteristics of sexual aggression]. / Algoritmy sravnitel'nogo analiza sudebno-meditsinskikh kharakteristik seksual'noi agressii.

The purpose of the work is to actualize the importance of forensic diagnostics of bodily injuries caused to victims of serial murders with signs of sexual motivation as a special category of crimes causing public resonance and negative statistical indicators of investigation efficiency. Based on the results of forensics in serial homicide investigations, common signs of injuries for most victims, methods of their generalization and solving situational problems are presented. The totality of the data obtained made it possible to identify the most stable diagnostic criteria that determine the specifics of serial murders in the forensic aspect. The application of such criteria in practice ensures that objective data necessary to prove both serial murders and signs of sexual aggression are obtained at the preliminary investigation and the stage of legal proceedings.

[Forensic medical assessment of injuries caused by ice cracking tools]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka povrezhdenii, prichinennykh orudiyami dlya kolki l'da.

The work purpose is to identify objective morphological traits of punctured and stab and slash wounds obtained as a result of using the ice cracking tools. An experimental injury to the skin was carried out, followed by the study and analysis of morphological signs of wounds. It was established that, depending on the design features of the ice-cracking tools and the conditions of injury, the injuries have a number of similar characteristics with wounds from the other puncturing and stab and slash articles, as well as they have certain morphological features.

[Pneumocephaly: an expert assessment in determining the severity of harm to health]. / Pnevmotsefaliya: ekspertnaya otsenka opredeleniya tyazhesti vreda zdorov'yu.

The purpose of the work is the analysis of etiology and pathogenesis of pneumocephaly in various injuries, diseases and pathological conditions for the reasonable determination of the severity of health damage during forensic medical examinations. The analysis of literature data on the causes and mechanisms of pneumocephaly is given. Attention is paid to the assessment of pneumocephaly in determining the health damage in patients with traumatic brain injury or if it is suspected. It is proposed to consider pneumocephaly as an indirect sign of a skull fracture. In case of pneumocephaly, a radiologically confirmed fracture is necessary to justify serious health damage. The medical documents of the victim should be examined to exclude concomitant diseases and pathological conditions that can lead to pneumocephaly.

[Possibility of determine taser's models by morfological features of the skin injuries]. / Vozmozhnosti ustanovleniya modelei elektroshokovykh ustroistv po morfologicheskim priznakam povrezhdenii kozhi.

The aim of study is to identify morfological signs of the skin damage, formed by electric discharge of different models of tasers, and therefore to determine construction features characterizing taser's models, as well as to detect the conditions of traumatization. As a result of experiment it was revealed that various morphological skin damages are caused by difference in the configuration of taser's terminal elements. It gives reason for an objective conclusion about stun gun's specific model.

[The study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol 40% with carbonation for the purposes and objectives of forensic chemistry and forensic science]. / Izuchenie farmakokineticheskikh parametrov etanola 40% s gazatsiei dlya tselei i zadach sudebnoi khimii i sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy.

The purpose of work is to study the characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters of the influence of ethanol with carbonation («carbonated vodka¼) to the human body for the purposes and tasks of forensic chemical, chemical and toxicological and forensic research. The authors determined the concentration of ethanol in the blood and urine from oral intake of ethanol with and without carbonation. It was found that the suction stage of carbonated vodka is faster than that of vodka without carbonation by 17.1%, and the stage of elimination of ethanol with carbonation is faster on average by 16.6%.

[Application of immunohistochemical study for the verification of diffuse axonal injury and determination of cause-and-effect relationships]. / Primenenie immunogistokhimicheskogo issledovaniia dlia verifikatsii diffuznogo aksonal'nogo povrezhdeniia i ustanovleniia prichinno-sledstvennykh sviazei.

Aim of this study is to establish a possibility of finding morphologic signs of diffuse axonal injury early after the injury. Use of immunohistochemical examination of the brain to detect protein ß-APP made it possible not only to diagnose this condition correctly, but also to reasonably and categorically answer the question of a causal relationship between causing damage and the onset of death.

[The ability to recover cerebral function after an isolated craniocerebral trauma]. / Sposobnost' k aktivnym deistviiam pri izolirovannoi cherepno-mozgovoi travme.

This article is devoted to the review of the literature regarding a current issue in forensic medical practice - the ability of victims to recover cerebral function after traumatic brain injury. Based on the study and analysis of data from specialized literature and clinical and expert observations, we present the basic systemized information on the recovery of consciousness, and therefore the potential for cerebral function, in victims of traumatic brain injury.

[Classification of medical-criminalistic situational examinations]. / Klassifikatsiia mediko-kriminalisticheskikh situatsionnykh ékspertiz.

The aim of this study was to develop a detailed applied classification of medical-criminalistic situational examinations. This paper proposes a classification of importance for practice and research of medical-criminalistic expertise on the reconstruction of events. The basic criteria which determine how the classification of situational examinations is performed are considered.