ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal tumors. The aim of this study is to provide an effective therapeutic discovery platform for pancreatic cancer by establishing and characterizing patient-derived organoids (PDOs). METHODS: PDOs were established from pancreatic tumor surgical specimens, and the mutations were examined using a panel sequence. Expression of markers was assessed by PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry; tumorigenicity was examined using immunodeficient mice, and drug responses were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: PDOs were established from eight primary and metastatic tumors, and the characteristic mutations and expression of cancer stem cell markers and CA19-9 were confirmed. Tumorigenicity of the PDOs was confirmed in subcutaneous transplantation and in the peritoneal cavity in the case of PDOs derived from disseminated nodules. Gemcitabine-sensitive/resistant PDOs showed consistent responses in vivo. High throughput screening in PDOs identified a compound effective for inhibiting tumor growth of a gemcitabine-resistant PDO xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS: This PDO-based platform captures important aspects of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer and its metastatic features, suggesting that this study may serve as a tool for the discovery of personalized therapies.
Subject(s)
Organoids , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Animals , Drug Discovery , Humans , Mice , Organoids/pathology , Pancreas/pathology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics , Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Pancreatic NeoplasmsABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a novel benzylpiperidine derivative with serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitory activity and 5-HT1A receptor weak partial agonistic activity showing the antidepressant-like effect. The 3-methoxyphenyl group and the phenethyl group of compound 1, which has weak SERT binding activity, but potent 5-HT1A binding activity, were optimized, leading to compound 35 with potent and balanced dual SERT and 5-HT1A binding activity, but also potent CYP2D6 inhibitory activity. Replacement of the methoxy group in the left part of compound 35 with a larger alkoxy group, such as ethoxy, isopropoxy or methoxy-ethoxy group ameliorated CYP2D6 inhibition, giving SMP-304 as a candidate. SMP-304 with serotonin uptake inhibitory activity and 5-HT1A weak partial agonistic activity, which could work as a 5-HT1A antagonist, displayed faster onset of antidepressant-like effect than a representative SSRI paroxetine in an animal model.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Dioxanes/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Antidepressive Agents/chemical synthesis , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dioxanes/administration & dosage , Dioxanes/chemical synthesis , Dioxanes/pharmacokinetics , Drug Partial Agonism , Humans , Male , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Wistar , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/chemical synthesis , Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was identified as a discrete receptor for diazepam (1). Since TSPO in the central nervous system (CNS) is believed to regulate neurosteroids biosynthesis, selective TSPO ligands are expected to be useful in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We synthesized three novel tricyclic benzimidazolone derivatives, and selected the dihydroimidazoquinolinone derivative 27 as a lead TSPO ligand. Study of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of dihydroimidazoquinolinone derivatives revealed compounds with potent affinity for TSPO (subnanomolar K(i) values), but poor metabolic stability. The optimization of these compounds led to compound 48 with potent affinity for TSPO and good in vitro PK profile.
Subject(s)
Acetanilides/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Carrier Proteins/chemistry , Drug Design , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemical synthesis , Receptors, GABA-A/chemistry , Acetanilides/chemistry , Acetanilides/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Half-Life , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacokinetics , Ligands , Male , Mice , Protein Binding , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Selective 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands are expected to be therapeutic agents with a wide spectrum of action on psychiatric disorders and fewer side effects. We designed novel benzoxazolone derivatives and examined the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of compounds with various substituents at the amide part and C-5 position. Although a number of the synthesized compounds showed high TSPO binding affinity, these compounds had poor drug-like properties. Further optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds led to discovery of compound 74, which exhibited anxiolytic effect in the rat Vogel conflict model.
Subject(s)
Benzoxazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzoxazoles/pharmacology , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Drug Design , Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism , Animals , Benzoxazoles/chemistry , Carrier Proteins/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ligands , Male , Molecular Structure , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, GABA-A/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of tricyclic indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated by the radioligand binding assay and the anticonvulsant effects in the mouse NMDA-induced seizure model. Among them, derivatives of 3S-(-)-4 such as 3a, 3f, and 3g which had certain zwitterionic anilides showed high affinity to the NMDA-glycine binding site. The absolute configuration of 3S-(-)-4 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In particular, 3g (SM-31900) was found to be a highly active glycine antagonist for both in vitro and in vivo assays (K(i) = 1.0 +/- 0.1 nM, ED(50) = 2.3 mg/kg, iv) and also showed high selectivity for the glycine site. In addition, 3g was soluble enough in aqueous media (>10 mg/mL at pH 7.4) to use for medications by intravenous injection.
