ABSTRACT
Two alternatively spliced forms of human PPAR alpha mRNA, PPAR alpha1 and PPAR alpha2, have been identified. PPAR alpha1 mRNA gives rise to an active PPAR alpha protein while PPAR alpha2 mRNA gives rise to a form of PPAR which lacks the ligand-binding domain. PPAR alpha2 is unable to activate a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) reporter gene construct in transient transfection assays. Both PPAR alpha1 and PPAR alpha2 mRNA are present in human liver, kidney, testes, heart, small intestine, and smooth muscle. In human liver, PPAR alpha2 mRNA abundance is approximately half that of PPAR alpha1 mRNA; a correlation analysis of PPAR alpha1 and PPAR alpha2 mRNA mass revealed an r-value of 0.75 (n = 18). Additional studies with intact liver from various species, showed that the PPAR alpha2/PPAR alpha1 mRNA ratios in rat, rabbit, and mouse liver were less than 0.10; significantly lower than the 0.3 and 0.5 ratios observed in monkey and human livers, respectively. To determine if a high PPAR alpha2/PPAR alpha1 mRNA ratio was associated with insensitivity to peroxisome proliferators, we treated human, rat, and rabbit hepatocytes with WY14643, a potent PPAR alpha activator, and measured acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) mRNA levels. Rat ACO mRNA levels increased markedly in response to WY14643 while human and rabbit hepatocytes were unresponsive. Thus, although the PPAR alpha2/PPAR alpha1 mRNA ratio is low in rabbits, this species is not responsive to peroxisome proliferators. Further studies with male and female rats, which vary significantly in their response to peroxisome proliferators, showed little difference in the ratio of PPAR alpha2/PPAR alpha1 mRNA. These data suggest that selective PPAR alpha2 mRNA expression is not the basis for differential species or gender responses to peroxisome proliferators.
