ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study was conducted: (i) to evaluate the effect of using cotton pellets soaked with chlorhexidine (CHX) on titanium surface roughness; (ii) to assess the removal of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) from resorbable blast material (RBM) titanium surfaces using CHX pellets; and (iii) to evaluate the effects of additional brushing on bacterial removal efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RBM titanium discs were treated with CHX-soaked cotton pellets, and change in surface roughness was measured using confocal microscopy. After the titanium discs were incubated with P. gingivalis for 2 days, the discs were cleaned with CHX pellets for 40 s. The quantity of remaining adherent bacteria was measured using crystal violet assay. Additional brushing was performed with dentifrice for a total of 40 s, and bacterial removal efficiency with brushing and dentifrice was evaluated using crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The changes in surface roughness after treatment were observed by confocal microscopy. Statistically significant decrease in surface roughness was seen in CHX 40-s group (p < 0.05). Cleaning with CHX-soaked pellets resulted in significant decrease in remaining adherent bacteria. Brushing the bacteria-incubated discs with dentifrice reduced adhering bacteria. There were fewer bacteria left on the CHX-pre-treated discs compared with the brushing-only group, but there were no significant differences when compared with the brushing-only group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly showed that burnishing with CHX influenced the RBM titanium surface, and burnishing with CHX pellets and brushing with dentifrice were efficient in removing bacteria from the contaminated titanium surface.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Chlorhexidine/pharmacology , Dentifrices/pharmacology , Titanium/chemistry , Toothbrushing , Bacteria/growth & development , Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects , Bacterial Load , Dental Materials/chemistry , Gentian Violet , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects , Porphyromonas gingivalis/growth & development , Surface Properties , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A resorbable blast material (RBM) surface is reported to have a higher bone-to-implant contact percentage than machined surfaces, but modified surfaces with rougher textures have been shown to favor colonization by bacteria and development of peri-implantitis. Therefore, this in vitro study compares the effects of different instruments on surface roughness and removal of bacteria from RBM titanium implant disks. METHODS: RBM titanium disks were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips and a toothbrush, and change in surface roughness was measured by confocal microscopy. The disks were incubated with bacteria, and instruments made of carbon or plastic, two metal ultrasonic scaler tips, or a toothbrush were used to remove the attached bacteria. The amount of remaining bacteria was evaluated using a crystal violet assay. RESULTS: The change in surface structure following different treatment modalities was analyzed by confocal microscopy. A statistically significant decrease in the arithmetic mean value of RBM surfaces (R(a)) was observed after treatment with an ultrasonic scaler with a metal tip. The use of a metal tip (rather than a carbon or plastic tip) and brushing with dentifrice was more efficient in removing bacteria from the contaminated titanium surface according to the crystal violet assay. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, the use of a metal tip may be effective in removing bacteria from contaminated surfaces.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Adhesion , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Dental Materials/chemistry , Dental Scaling/instrumentation , Titanium/chemistry , Toothbrushing/instrumentation , Ultrasonics/instrumentation , Alloys/chemistry , Bacterial Load , Carbon/chemistry , Coloring Agents , Dentifrices/chemistry , Equipment Design , Gentian Violet , Humans , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Confocal , Plastics/chemistry , Porphyromonas gingivalis/isolation & purification , Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This in vitro study was performed to assess the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to a resorbable blast media (RBM) titanium surface pretreated with an ultrasonic scaler or toothbrush and to evaluate the effects of the treatment of the RBM titanium discs on the bacterial removal efficiency of brushing by crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy. METHODS: RBM titanium discs were pretreated with one of several ultrasonic scaler tips or cleaned with a toothbrush. Then the titanium discs were incubated with P. gingivalis and the quantity of adherent bacteria was compared. The disc surfaces incubated with bacteria were brushed with a toothbrush with dentifrice. Bacteria remaining on the disc surfaces were quantified. RESULTS: A change in morphology of the surface of the RBM titanium discs after different treatments was noted. There were no significant differences in the adherence of bacteria on the pretreated discs according to the treatment modality. Pretreatment with various instruments did not produce significant differences in the bacterial removal efficiency of brushing with dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, various types of mechanical instrumentation were shown to cause mechanical changes on the RBM titanium surface but did not show a significant influence on the adherence of bacteria and removal efficiency of brushing.
