ABSTRACT
Kinase fusions involving tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRKs) have been proven to act as strong oncogenic drivers and are therefore recognized as attractive therapeutic targets. We screened an in-house kinase-focused library and identified a promising hit compound with a unique tetracyclic scaffold. Compound 1 showed high TRK selectivity but moderate cell growth inhibitory activity as well as a potential risk of inducing CYP3A4. In this report, chemical modification intended to improve TRK inhibition and avoid CYP3A4 induction enabled us to identify an orally bioavailable, selective, and potent TRK inhibitor 7.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms , Tropomyosin , Cell Proliferation , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A , Humans , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Receptor, trkAABSTRACT
The MAP kinase pathway is one of the most important pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, and its components are promising targets for antitumor drugs. Design and synthesis of a novel MEK inhibitor, based on the 3D-structural information of the target enzyme, and then multidimensional optimization including metabolic stability, physicochemical properties and safety profiles were effectively performed and led to the identification of a clinical candidate for an orally available potent MEK inhibitor, CH4987655, possessing a unique 3-oxo-oxazinane ring structure at the 5-position of the benzamide core structure. CH4987655 exhibits slow dissociation from the MEK enzyme, remarkable in vivo antitumor efficacy both in mono- and combination therapy, desirable metabolic stability, and insignificant MEK inhibition in mouse brain, implying few CNS-related side effects in human. An excellent PK profile and clear target inhibition in PBMC were demonstrated in a healthy volunteer clinical study.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Benzamides/chemistry , MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Oxazines/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Allosteric Regulation , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Benzamides/pharmacology , Humans , Models, Molecular , Oxazines/administration & dosage , Oxazines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
DNA microarray analysis comparing human tumor tissues with normal tissues including hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in identification of membrane dipeptidase as a prodrug activation enzyme. Novel prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC) including compound 23 that are activated by membrane dipeptidase (MDP) preferentially in tumor tissue were designed and synthesized to generate the active drug, DMDC, after hydrolysis of the dipeptide bond followed by spontaneous cyclization of the promoiety.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Dipeptidases/metabolism , Drug Design , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Deoxycytidine/chemistry , Deoxycytidine/metabolism , Deoxycytidine/pharmacokinetics , Dipeptidases/genetics , Humans , Hydrolysis , Membrane Proteins , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
A series of tumor-activated prodrugs of the inhibitors of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), an enzyme catabolizing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU: 4g), has been designed and synthesized. RO0094889 (11c) is a prodrug of 5-vinyluracil (4c), a known DPD inhibitor, and was designed to generate 4c selectively in tumor tissues by sequential conversion of 11c by three enzymes: esterase, cytidine deaminase and thymidine phosphorylase, the latter two of which are known to be highly expressed in various tumor tissues. When capecitabine (1), a tumor-activated prodrug of 5-FU, was co-administered orally with 11c, 5-FU in tumor tissues was significantly increased with only a slight increase of 5-FU in plasma as compared with oral capecitabine alone.
