Usefulness of an artificial neural network for a beginner to achieve similar interpretations to an expert when examining myocardial perfusion images.

This study examined whether using an artificial neural network (ANN) helps beginners in diagnostic cardiac imaging to achieve similar results to experts when interpreting stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). One hundred and thirty-eight patients underwent stress MPI with Tc-labeled agents. An expert and a beginner interpreted stress/rest MPI with or without the ANN and the results were compared. The myocardium was divided into 5 regions (the apex; septum; anterior; lateral, and inferior regions), and the defect score of myocardial blood flow was evaluated from 0 to 4, and SSS, SRS, and SDS were calculated. The ANN effect, defined as the difference in each of these scores between with and without the ANN, was calculated to investigate the influence of ANN on the interpreters' performance. We classified 2 groups (insignificant perfusion group and significant perfusion group) and compared them. In the same way, classified 2 groups (insignificant ischemia group and significant ischemia group) and compared them. Besides, we classified 2 groups (normal vessels group and multi-vessels group) and compared them. The ANN effect was smaller for the expert than for the beginner. Besides, the ANN effect for insignificant perfusion group, insignificant ischemia group and multi-vessels group were smaller for the expert than for the beginner. On the other hand, the ANN effect for significant perfusion group, significant ischemia group and normal vessels group were no significant. When interpreting MPI, beginners may achieve similar results to experts by using an ANN. Thus, interpreting MPI with ANN may be useful for beginners. Furthermore, when beginners interpret insignificant perfusion group, insignificant ischemia group and multi-vessel group, beginners may achieve similar results to experts by using an ANN.

Changes in apolipoprotein B and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels in gingival crevicular fluids as a result of periodontal tissue conditions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial infection that can lead to tooth loss. Gingival crevicular fluid can be collected easily and noninvasively. We previously discovered the presence of apolipoprotein B (apoB), the main constituent of low-density lipoprotein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated whether periodontal conditions affect the levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population comprised 11 patients with chronic periodontitis. A pair of gingival crevicular fluid samples was collected from each patient at a healthy site and at a site with periodontitis (baseline samples). Thereafter, gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the same patients again at 4 and 8 wk after scaling and root planing (SRP). The levels of apoB, oxLDL, protein and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid, in addition to gingival crevicular fluid volume, were measured. RESULTS: At baseline, the levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid were higher at the sites with periodontitis than at the healthy sites. The levels of apoB and oxLDL at periodontal sites decreased after SRP. The level of oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid correlated well with the probing pocket depth. The oxLDL : apoB ratio in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher than that in plasma. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid change according to the periodontal tissue conditions.

Internalization of a novel, huge lectin from Ibacus novemdentatus (slipper lobster) induces apoptosis of mammalian cancer cells.

An N-acetyl sugar-binding lectin (termed iNoL) displaying cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells was isolated from the slipper lobster Ibacus novemdentatus (family Scyllaridae). iNoL recognized monosaccharides containing N-acetyl group, and glycoproteins (e.g., BSM) containing oligosaccharides with N-acetyl sugar. iNoL was composed of five subunits (330, 260, 200, 140, and 30 kDa), which in turn consisted of 70-, 40-, and 30-kDa polypeptides held together by disulfide bonds. Electron microscopic observations and gel permeation chromatography indicated that iNoL was a huge (500-kDa) molecule and had a polygonal structure under physiological conditions. iNoL displayed cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects against human cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D (breast), HeLa (ovarian), and Caco2 (colonic), through incorporation (internalization) into cells. The lectin was transported into lysosomes via endosomes. Its cytotoxic effect and incorporation into cells were inhibited by the co-presence of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc). Treatment of HeLa cells with iNoL resulted in DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, through activation of caspase-9 and -3. In summary, the novel crustacean lectin iNoL is incorporated into mammalian cancer cells through glycoconjugate interaction, and has cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects.

The long-term outcome of transvaginal anterior levatorplasty for intractable rectovaginal fistula.

AIM: Several procedures have been described for rectovaginal fistula with a wide range of success, but there is little information on the long-term outcome. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term outcome after transvaginal anterior levatorplasty (ALP) for intractable rectovaginal fistula. METHOD: Data of 16 consecutive patients undergoing transvaginal ALP with fistulectomy and closure of the rectum and vagina between 1998 and 2011 were prospectively recorded and retrospectively investigated to study the long-term outcome. RESULTS: Birth injury (n = 7), low anterior resection for rectal cancer (n = 3), pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis (n = 2) and a procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids (n = 2) were the main causes of the fistula. Nine patients had a covering stoma before surgery. All patients underwent ALP, with a covering stoma in two patients. Infection occurred in one patient and wound rupture after surgery in another patient. These patients underwent reoperation by ALP. All fistulae had healed at a median follow-up of 84 (8-193) months after initial surgery or stoma closure. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal ALP is effective for the treatment of mid or low rectovaginal fistula. The results show that a graft is not necessary regardless of whether or not previous surgery has been performed.

A theoretical and experimental study on meridional-facial isomerization of tris(quinolin-8-olate)aluminum (Alq3).

The rationale behind the stereospecific synthesis of a facial isomer of tris(quinolin-8-olate)aluminum (Alq3) is studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which predict the favourable influence of an H3O(+) ion on the distribution ratio between a meridional and a thermodynamically unstable facial isomer.

Sialyl-glycoconjugates in cholesterol-rich microdomains of P388 cells are the triggers for apoptosis induced by Rana catesbeiana oocyte ribonuclease.

SBL/RC-RNase was originally isolated from frog (Rana catesbeiana) oocytes and purified as a novel sialic acid-binding lectin (SBL) that displayed strong anti-cancer activity. SBL was later shown to be identical to a ribonuclease (RC-RNase) from oocytes of the same species. The administration of SBL/RC-RNase induced apoptosis (with nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation) in mouse leukemia P388 cells but did not kill umbilical vein endothelial or fibroblast cells derived from normal tissues. The cytotoxic activity of SBL/RC-RNase was inhibited by desialylation of P388 cells and/or the co-presence of free bovine submaxillary mucin. FACS analysis showed that SBL/RC-RNase was incorporated into cells after attachment to cholesterol-rich microdomains. Addition of the cholesterol remover methyl-ß-cyclodextrin reduced SBL/RC-RNase-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis occurred through the caspase-3 pathway following activation of caspase-8 by SBL/RC-RNase. A heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70) and a heat shock protein (Hsp70) (each 70 kDa) on the cell membrane were shown to bind to SBL/RC-RNase by mass spectrometric and flow cytometric analyses. Quercetin, an inhibitor of Hsc70 and Hsp70, significantly reduced SBL/RC-RNase-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that sialyl-glycoconjugates present in cholesterol-rich microdomains form complexes with Hsc70 or Hsp70 that act as triggers for SBL/RC-RNase to induce apoptosis through a pathway involving the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8.

Immunogenicity of dormancy-related antigens in individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Japan.

SETTING: DosR regulon genes are considered essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy, and their products are demonstrated to have immunogenicity in M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, suggesting that DosR regulon-encoded proteins are suitable targets for vaccines to control the reactivation of dormant M. tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: Prospective analysis of T-cell and antibody responses against DosR regulon-encoded antigens in M. tuberculosis-infected individuals in Japan to identify effective vaccine targets. DESIGN: T-cell responses against 33 DosR regulon-encoded antigens were investigated in 26 consecutive M. tuberculosis-infected individuals--14 with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and 12 with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)--using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, and antibody responses in 42 consecutive individuals, 14 with LTBI and 28 with PTB. RESULT: Six antigens (Rv0570, Rv1996, Rv2004c, Rv2028c, Rv2029c and Rv3133c) induced stronger T-cell responses in LTBI than in PTB, In contrast, antigen-specific antibody responses to five antigens (Rv0080, Rv1738, Rv2007c, Rv2031c and Rv2032) were found to be stronger in PTB than in LTBI cases. CONCLUSION: T-cell responses to six antigens might contribute to natural protection against dormant M. tuberculosis. These antigens are therefore considered to be potential targets of novel vaccines to control M. tuberculosis reactivation in the Japanese population.

Short-term outcomes of local correction of stoma prolapse with a stapler device.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to classify the short-term outcomes of local correction of stoma prolapse with a stapler device. METHODS: The medical records of 11 patients undergoing local correction of stoma prolapse using a stapler device were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: No mortality or morbidity was observed after the surgery. Median operative time was 35 min (range 15-75 min), and blood loss was minimal. Median duration of follow-up was 12 months (range 6-55 months). One of the 11 patients had a recurrent stoma prolapse. CONCLUSIONS: This technique can be a feasible, safe and minimally invasive correction procedure for stoma prolapse.

Simple excision and closure of a distal limb of loop colostomy prolapse by stapler device.

Stomal prolapse is one of the common complications in transverse colostomy and can be managed conservatively in most cases; however, laparotomy and reconstruction of the stoma may sometimes be required, especially in case of irreducible colostomy prolapse. We have reported a simple local repair with reconstruction of the loop colostomy. We herein report a new more simple technique to avoid laparotomy and allow excision of the irreducible colostomy prolapse and complete closure of the distal limb of loop colostomy when no decompression is required in the distal limb of the stoma. In this procedure, the number of stapler and the time with blood loss for the operation can be saved.

Complex genetic nature of sex-independent transmission ratio distortion in Asian rice species: the involvement of unlinked modifiers and sex-specific mechanisms.

Transmission ratio distortion (TRD), in which one allele is transmitted more frequently than the opposite allele, is presumed to act as a driving force in the emergence of a reproductive barrier. TRD acting in a sex-specific manner has been frequently observed in interspecific and intraspecific hybrids across a broad range of organisms. In contrast, sex-independent TRD (siTRD), which results from preferential transmission of one of the two alleles in the heterozygote through both sexes, has been detected in only a few plant species. We previously reported an S(6) locus-mediated siTRD, in which the S(6) allele from an Asian wild rice strain (Oryza rufipogon) was transmitted more frequently than the S(6)(a) allele from an Asian cultivated rice strain (O. sativa) through both male and female gametes in heterozygous plants. Here, we report on the effect of a difference in genetic background on S(6) locus-mediated siTRD, based on the analysis using near-isogenic lines and the original wild strain as a parental strain for crossing. We found that the degree of TRD through the male gametes varied depending on the genetic background of the female (pistil) plants. Despite the occurrence of TRD through both male and female gametes, abnormality was detected in ovules, but not in pollen grains, in the heterozygote. These results suggest the involvement of unlinked modifiers and developmentally distinct, sex-specific genetic mechanisms in S(6) locus-mediated siTRD, raising the possibility that siTRD driven by a single locus may be affected by multiple genetic factors harbored in natural populations.

Sb(2)O(3) nanobelt networks for excellent visible-light-range photodetectors.

Excellent photoconductive properties have been found in Sb(2)O(3) nanobelts synthesized by a surfactant-assisted solvothermal method. Visible-light photodetectors have been designed from Sb(2)O(3) nanobelt networks using micrometer-wide gold wires as masks. Photodetectors show high sensitivity to visible light, high stability, and reproducibility. Fast response and decay times (<0.3 s) are comparable or even better than these parameters in many other metal oxide nanoscale photodetectors. The dominant mechanism of excellent photoconductivity is attributed to the barrier height modulations in the nanobelt-to-nanobelt contact regions. These results demonstrate that Sb(2)O(3) nanobelt networks can indeed serve as high-performance photodetectors in the visible light range.

Observation of a complex multistage transition in the JT-60U H-mode edge.

A complex multistage transition of the edge radial electric field is observed in JT-60U H-mode phase without edge localized mode. An interesting feature is that the poloidal rotation velocity of the carbon impurity ions changes in the later H-phase without a comparable change in the main ion pressure gradient, indicating a change in the parallel momentum (and particle) balance channel.

Rapid detection of mecA and spa by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method.

AIM: To develop a detection assay for staphylococcal mecA and spa by using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. METHODS AND RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus and other related species were subjected to the detection of mecA and spa by both PCR and LAMP methods. The LAMP successfully amplified the genes under isothermal conditions at 64 degrees C within 60 min, and demonstrated identical results with the conventional PCR methods. The detection limits of the LAMP for mecA and spa, by gel electrophoresis, were 10(2) and 10 cells per tube, respectively. The naked-eye inspections were possible with 10(3) and 10 cells for detection of mecA and spa, respectively. The LAMP method was then applied to sputum and dental plaque samples. The LAMP and PCR demonstrated identical results for the plaque samples, although frequency in detection of mecA and spa by the LAMP was relatively lower for the sputum samples when compared to the PCR methods. CONCLUSION: Application of the LAMP enabled a rapid detection assay for mecA and spa. The assay may be applicable to clinical plaque samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The LAMP offers an alternative detection assay for mecA and spa with a great advantage of the rapidity.

Characterization of recombinant prolyl aminopeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae.

AIMS: Prolyl aminopeptidase (PAP) degrades only amino-terminal proline from peptides. The food-grade fungus Aspergillus oryzae produces this enzyme only in small amounts. In this paper, we present efficient production of recombinant PAP with an overexpression system of A. oryzae and characterization of its biochemical properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: The gene encoding PAP was overexpressed as a His-tag fusion protein under a taka-amylase gene (amyB) promoter with a limited expressing condition in A. oryzae. The PAP activity in the mycelia grown in rich medium containing glucose (repressing condition) was twice that in starch (inducing condition). The enzyme prepared as cell-free extract was partially purified through two-step column chromatography. The PAP was estimated to be a hexameric protein and exhibited salt tolerance against NaCl of up to 4 mol l(-1). CONCLUSIONS: Aspergillus oryzae PAP was produced under the repressing condition of amyB promoter in a PAP-overexpressing strain and purified 1800-folds. Overproduction of PAP under promoter-inducing conditions led to an increase in inactive PAP, possibly because of irregular folding. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: PAP with a high specific activity and salt tolerance may be used effectively in the manufacturing processes of fermented foods.

Efficient production and partial characterization of aspartyl aminopeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae.

AIMS: Aspartyl aminopeptidase (DAP) has a high degree of substrate specificity, degrading only amino-terminal acidic amino acids from peptides. Therefore, attention is focused here on the efficient production of this enzyme by a recombinant Aspergillus oryzae and characterization of its biochemical properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: The gene encoding DAP was overexpressed under a taka-amylase gene promoter, with His-tag linker in A. oryzae, during cultivation in a Co(2+)-containing medium. The enzyme was extracted from the mycelia and purified with immobilized nickel ion absorption chromatography using a buffer containing cobalt ion and imidazole. The active fraction was further purified with gel filtration chromatography. The resultant, electrophoretically pure enzyme displayed a molecular mass of 520 kDa. This enzyme displayed high reactivity towards peptide substrate rather than synthetic substrates. CONCLUSIONS: Recombinant A. oryzae DAP was purified to homogeneity with an increased specific activity, when cultivated in a Co(2+)-rich medium. Moreover, the use of suitable metal ions in microbial cultivation and purification processes may help in increasing the specific activity of other metalloproteases and their functional analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Recombinant DAP produced using a cobalt ion in culture media of A. oryzae and purification process allow high yield of the enzyme activity.

Transition between internal transport barriers with different temperature-profile curvatures in JT-60U Tokamak plasmas.

A spontaneous transition phenomena between two states of a plasma with an internal transport barrier (ITB) is observed in the steady-state phase of the magnetic shear in the negative magnetic shear plasma in the JT-60U tokamak. These two ITB states are characterized by different profiles of the second radial derivative of the ion temperature inside the ITB region (one has a weak concave shape and the other has a strong convex shape) and by different degrees of sharpness of the interfaces between the L mode and the ITB region, which is determined by the turbulence penetration into the ITB region.

Measurement of derivative of ion temperature using high spatial resolution charge exchange spectroscopy with space modulation optics.

A new technique to measure the first and second derivatives of the ion temperature profile has been developed by using a charge exchange spectroscopy system with space modulation optics. The space observed is scanned up to +/-3 cm with a cosine wave modulation frequency up to 30 Hz by shifting the object lens in front of the optical fiber bundle by 0.5 mm with a piezoelement. The first and second derivatives of ion temperature are derived from the modulation component of the ion temperature measured by using Fourier series expansion.

Nodular-type muscle sarcoidosis developing after a dog bite.

We report a 46-year-old woman who experienced swelling of the right thigh around the wound caused by a dog bite. Physical findings, laboratory findings, imaging studies, and muscle biopsy showed that this was nodular-type muscle sarcoidosis. This is an unusual case of sarcoidosis, and the possibility is discussed that a dog bite may serve as a trauma to trigger sarcoidosis in genetically predisposed individuals.

Identification of a low plasma-rotation threshold for stabilization of the resistive-wall mode.

The plasma rotation necessary for stabilization of resistive-wall modes (RWMs) is investigated by controlling the toroidal plasma rotation with external momentum input by injection of tangential neutral beams. The observed threshold is 0.3% of the Alfvén velocity and much smaller than the previous experimental results obtained with magnetic braking. This low critical rotation has a very weak beta dependence as the ideal wall limit is approached. These results indicate that for large plasmas such as in future fusion reactors with low rotation, the requirement of the additional feedback control system for stabilizing RWM is much reduced.

Who can get the beneficial effect from lateral lymph node dissection for Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection?

PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify those patients with Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection who might benefit from lateral lymph node dissection. METHODS: The study involved 104 consecutive Dukes C patients who received total mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection for rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection between 1990 and 2002. The patients were retrospectively divided into three groups: patients without lateral spread (Group I: n = 52), patients with nodal involvement between the inferior hypogastric nerve and the internal iliac artery (Group II: n = 16), and patients with nodal involvement in the obturator space (Group III: n = 36). The patients also were divided into two groups according to the number of lateral nodes involved: less than four (n = 42) and at least four (lateral nodes involved: n = 10). Nodal involvement was determined histologically. RESULTS: The local recurrence and overall five-year survival rates were 5.8 and 66.9 percent in Group I, 18.8 and 59.8 percent in Group II, and 33.3 and 23.6 percent in Group III, respectively. These outcomes did not differ significantly between Groups I and II, but they were significantly worse in Group III than in Groups I and II, with the survival being significantly better in the patients with less than four histologically positive lateral nodes involved (43.2 percent) than in those with at least four positive lateral nodes involved (0 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Lateral lymph node dissection was effective for Dukes C rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection with positive lateral nodes involved in the space between the autonomic nerve and the internal iliac artery and in patients with less than four positive lateral nodes.