Late transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy verified in bone marrow biopsy specimens is associated with chronic GVHD and viral infections.

OBJECTIVES: To describe late transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) as chronic endothelial complication in bone marrow (BM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: BM specimens along with conventional diagnostic parameters were assessed in 14 single-institutional patients with late TA-TMA (more than 100 days after HCST), including 11 late with history of early TA-TMA, 10 with early TA-TMA (within 100 days), and 12 non TA-TMA patients. Three non-HSCT patients served as control. The time points of BM biopsy were +1086, +798, +396, and +363 days after HSCT, respectively. RESULTS: Late TA-TMA patients showed an increase of CD34+ and von Willebrand Factor (VWF)+ microvascular endothelial cells with atypical VWF+ conglomerates forming thickened VWF+ plaque sinus in the BM compared to patients without late TA-TMA and non-HSCT. Severe chronic (p = .002), steroid-refractory GVHD (p = .007) and reactivation of HHV6 (p = .002), EBV (p = .003), and adenovirus (p = .005) were pronounced in late TA-TMA. Overall and relapse-free survival were shorter in late TA-TMA than in patients without late TA-TMA (5-year OS and RFS: 78.6% vs. 90.2%, 71.4% vs. 86.4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Chronic allo-immune microangiopathy in BM associated with chronic, steroid-refractory GVHD and/or viral infections are key findings of late, high-risk TA-TMA, which deserves clinical attention.

Correction: High-risk additional chromosomal abnormalities at low blast counts herald death by CML.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

WT1, PRAME, and PR3 mRNA Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

Several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) were recently identified, that could qualify as targets for immunotherapy, they could qualify (on RNA-level) for monitoring of tumor load. Here, we studied the expression levels of the immunogenic antigens PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma), WT1 (Wilms' tumor gene), and PR3 (proteinase 3) on myeloid blasts by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and correlated these data to the state and course of disease and to the defined subgroups of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). At first diagnoses, 41 of 47 patients tested showed overexpression of PRAME (87%), 38 of WT1 (81%), and 26 of PR3 (55%), with the highest expression levels for PRAME (2048-fold), followed by WT1 (486-fold) and PR3 (196-fold). Thereby, with 70%, the most frequent combination at first diagnoses was detected to be PRAME and WT1 (33/47 patients). Overall, 21 patients (45%) revealed overexpression for all 3 TAAs. Moreover, the highest expression levels of PRAME were found to be correlated with the FAB subtype M5, cytogenetic unfavorable risk groups, and AMLs arising from myelodysplasia (secondary AML; P=0.02). To compare TAA expression levels in the course of disease, expression data were calculatory adjusted to 100% blasts, revealing a relative increase in the PRAME expression levels during the course of persistent disease (3/4 cases). Independent of stage of disease, by trend, higher TAA expression levels were found on blasts derived from peripheral blood than those derived from the bone marrow. In conclusion, it is suggested that vaccine strategies for cancer immunotherapy should comprise different TAA peptides anticipating the diverse TAA expression levels on blasts evolving during the course of disease or treatment.

The FLAMSA concept-past and future.

The FLAMSA reduced intensity (RIC) concept, also known as "sequential therapy", is a conceptual platform for the treatment of leukemia separated in several parts: induction therapy, a sequence of antileukemic and immunosuppressive conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and immune restitution supported by donor lymphocyte transfusions. The antileukemic part consists of fludarabine, cytosine arabinoside, and amsacrine (FLAMSA); non-cross reactive agents like fludarabine and amsacrine have been successfully used in cases of refractoriness and relapse. Immunosuppressive conditioning and transplantation follow after only 3 days of rest. This way, the toxicity of allogeneic transplantation could be reduced and the anti-leukemia effects by using allogeneic immune cells could be optimized. This review summarizes available data on efficacy and toxicity of this approach. Further, possible strategies for improvements are discussed in order to provide better chances for elderly and frail patients and patients with advanced and high-risk disease. Among others, several new agents are available that target molecular changes of leukemia for induction of remission and allow for bridging the time after transplantation until adoptive immunotherapy becomes safe and effective.

High-risk additional chromosomal abnormalities at low blast counts herald death by CML.

Blast crisis is one of the remaining challenges in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Whether additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) enable an earlier recognition of imminent blastic proliferation and a timelier change of treatment is unknown. One thousand five hundred and ten imatinib-treated patients with Philadelphia-chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML randomized in CML-study IV were analyzed for ACA/Ph+ and blast increase. By impact on survival, ACAs were grouped into high risk (+8, +Ph, i(17q), +17, +19, +21, 3q26.2, 11q23, -7/7q abnormalities; complex) and low risk (all other). The presence of high- and low-risk ACAs was linked to six cohorts with different blast levels (1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%) in a Cox model. One hundred and twenty-three patients displayed ACA/Ph+ (8.1%), 91 were high risk. At low blast levels (1-15%), high-risk ACA showed an increased hazard to die compared to no ACA (ratios: 3.65 in blood; 6.12 in marrow) in contrast to low-risk ACA. No effect was observed at blast levels of 20-30%. Sixty-three patients with high-risk ACA (69%) died (n = 37) or were alive after progression or progression-related transplantation (n = 26). High-risk ACA at low blast counts identify end-phase CML earlier than current diagnostic systems. Mortality was lower with earlier treatment. Cytogenetic monitoring is indicated when signs of progression surface or response to therapy is unsatisfactory.

Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis of Haematological Malignancies.

Homoeostasis of bone marrow microenvironment depends on a precise balance between cell proliferation and death, which is supported by the cellular-extracellular matrix crosstalk. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are the key elements to provide the specialized bone marrow microenvironment by supporting, maintaining, and regulating the functions and fate of haematopoietic stem cells. Despite the great potential of MSC for cell therapy in several diseases due to their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties, they can also contribute to modulate tumor microenvironment. The extracellular vesicles that comprise exosomes and microvesicles are important mediators of intercellular communication due to their ability to change phenotype and physiology of different cell types. These vesicles may interact not only with neighbouring cells but also with cells from distant tissues to either maintain tissue homoeostasis or participate in disease pathogenesis. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the physiological role of MSC-extracellular vesicles, as well as their deregulation in haematological malignancies and their potential applications as biomarkers for diagnosis, progression, and treatment monitoring of such diseases.

Role of Interferon (IFN)α in "Cocktails" for the Generation of (Leukemia-derived) Dendritic Cells (DCleu) From Blasts in Blood From Patients (pts) With Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and the Induction of Antileukemic Reactions.

Strategies to stabilize remissions by specific elimination of residual acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts are needed. Leukemia-derived dendritic cell (DCleu/DC) generated from myeloid blasts improve antileukemic T-cell reactivity and install T-cell memory. Interferon (IFN)α-DC methods produce DCleu from chronic myeloid leukemia-patients (pts') blood. Various INFα-containing versus other DC methods were studied to produce DCleu (evaluated by flowcytometry) from AML-pts' blast-containing mononuclear (MNC) or whole blood (WB). After DCleu/DC stimulation in mixed lymphocyte cultures, T cells' potential to gain antileukemic cytotoxicity was studied and correlated with different DC methods and DCleu/DC counts. (1) Generation of DCleu/DC: (a) "IFN-GIT" [containing granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)+IFNα+ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] produced DC successfully (≥10% DC, ≥5% DCleu/cells) from AML-MNC (WB) in 54 (56%), "MCM-Mimic" in 76 (75%), "Picibanil" in 83 (64%), and "Calcium-ionophore" in 42 (67%) of cases. Proportions of DC subtypes in MNC (WB) were comparable with all DC methods, (b) IFNα combinations containing only GM-CSF+IFNα or only IFNα showed low efficiency to produce DCleu/DC from MNC (WB) compared with "IFN-GIT." (2) Antileukemic functionality: DCleu/DC-stimulated T cells showed improved leukemia cytotoxicity compared with blast cells or unstimulated T cells. The highest blast proliferation (=insufficient T cells) was seen with "IFN-GIT" DC-stimulated T cells. Probability to respond to immunotherapy or to obtain blast lysis of DC-stimulated T cells correlated with high proportions of DCleu/DC after DC culture, independent of DC-generating methods. (3) Cytokine release profiles: levels of interleukin-6, IFN-γ, and interleukin-2 were significantly lower in DC culture supernatants (from MNC/WB) with "IFN-GIT" compared with "MCM," "Pici," and "Ca" DC supernatants. Our data show that (1) WB culture simulates AML-pts' in vivo situation, (2) DC generation is possible from AML-MNC (WB) with IFNα-containing and other DC methods, (3) successful IFNα-DC generation needs GM-CSF+IFNα+TNF-α (IFN-GIT); however, "IFN-GIT" produces less DCleu/DC compared with other (non-IFNα) DC methods, (4) T cells stimulated with "IFN-GIT"-produced DCleu/DC yielded comparable antileukemic cytotoxicity; however, in cases without achieved blast lysis, an increased blast proliferation was observed.

Prevention and treatment of relapse after stem cell transplantation by cellular therapies.

Despite recent advances in reducing therapy-related mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) relapse remains the major cause of treatment failure and little progress has been achieved in the last decades. At the 3rd International Workshop on Biology, Prevention, and Treatment of Relapse held in Hamburg/Germany in November 2016 international experts presented and discussed recent developments in the field. Here, the potential of cellular therapies including unspecific and specific T cells, genetically modified T cells, CAR-T cells, NK-cells, and second allografting in prevention and treatment of relapse after alloSCT are summarized.

European experience and risk factor analysis of donor cell-derived leukaemias/MDS following haematopoietic cell transplantation.

Donor cell leukaemia (DCL) is a rare complication of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We have investigated the prevalence and outcome of donor cell haematology malignancies within centres registered with the European Society of Blood and Marrow transplantation (EBMT). We have sought to identify risk factors to shed light on the pathogenesis of DCL as a model for leukaemogenesis. DCL cases were identified by questionnaire and a follow-up questionnaire requested detailed data. Control subjects from the EBMT registry who had not developed DCL were used for a matched pair analysis to identify risk factors. We identified 38 patients with DCL; the estimated prevalence was 80.5/100,000 transplants. Patients were predominantly treated for haematological malignancy. A clone was retrospectively identified in 7/25 (28%) donors for whom data was available. Overall survival was poor with 29/38 patients dead a median of 11 (range 0-91) months after DCL diagnosis. Matched case-pair analysis identified three factors on multivariate analysis as significantly associated with an increased risk for DCL: use of growth factors within the first 100 days after transplantation, in vivo T-cell depletion and multiple allografts. The risk factors identified, support reduced immune surveillance and replicative stress as pathogenic in the development of DCL.

Imatinib dose reduction in major molecular response of chronic myeloid leukemia: results from the German Chronic Myeloid Leukemia-Study IV.

Standard first-line therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia is treatment with imatinib. In the randomized German Chronic Myeloid Leukemia-Study IV, more potent BCR-ABL inhibition with 800 mg ('high-dose') imatinib accelerated achievement of a deep molecular remission. However, whether and when a de-escalation of the dose intensity under high-dose imatinib can be safely performed without increasing the risk of losing deep molecular response is unknown. To gain insights into this clinically relevant question, we analyzed the outcome of imatinib dose reductions from 800 mg to 400 mg daily in the Chronic Myeloid Leukemia-Study IV. Of the 422 patients that were randomized to the 800 mg arm, 68 reduced imatinib to 400 mg after they had achieved at least a stable major molecular response. Of these 68 patients, 61 (90%) maintained major molecular remission on imatinib at 400 mg. Five of the seven patients who lost major molecular remission on the imatinib standard dose regained major molecular remission while still on 400 mg imatinib. Only two of 68 patients had to switch to more potent kinase inhibition to regain major molecular remission. Importantly, the lengths of the intervals between imatinib high-dose treatment before and after achieving major molecular remission were associated with the probabilities of maintaining major molecular remission with the standard dose of imatinib. Taken together, the data support the view that a deep molecular remission achieved with high-dose imatinib can be safely maintained with standard dose in most patients. Study protocol registered at clinicaltrials.gov 00055874.

The influence of glucocorticoid receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms on outcome after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only cure for most haematological malignancies, however, the mortality rate remains high. Complications after HSCT include relapse, graft versus host disease (GvHD), graft rejection and infection. Over the last few years several groups, have demonstrated that non-HLA gene polymorphisms can be predictive of outcome after HSCT. Since the glucocorticoid cortisol is pivotal in the regulation of the immune system, we decided to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs6198, rs33388 and rs33389) within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and correlate with HSCT outcome. The training set consisted of patients (n = 458) who underwent HSCT for acute leukaemia between 1983 and 2005. In the recipients, the absence of the ACT haplotype and absence of the T allele of rs33388 were associated with decreased OS and the absence of the ACT haplotype, the absence of the T allele of rs33388 and the presence of the ATA haplotype were associated with increased risk of relapse. In addition, the presence of the ACT haplotype in the recipient showed a trend to be associated with increased risk of chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD). The patients in this cohort received mainly myeloablative conditioning (n = 327). The SNPs in the glucocorticoid receptor were then investigated in a validation set (n = 251) of HSCT patients transplanted for acute leukaemia from 2006. This cohort contained significantly more patients that had received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). Some of the results could be validated in these patients. However, contrary to the training set, the absence of the haplotype ACT in the donor in this cohort was associated with increased risk of cGvHD. Differences in the conditioning were shown to influence the results. These results are the first to associate GR SNPs with HSCT outcome and demonstrate the inherent problems of replicating SNP association studies in HSCT, due to different pre-transplant regimens.

Donor lymphocyte infusions in adolescents and young adults for control of advanced pediatric sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) may induce a graft-versus-tumor effect in pediatric sarcoma patients. Here, we describe general feasibility, toxicity and efficacy of DLI after allo-SCT. RESULTS: 4 of 8 patients responded. ES#4 had stable disease (SD) for 9 months after DLI and RMS#4 partial response for 8 months with combined hyperthermia/chemotherapy. In ES#4, DLI led to SD for 6 months and reverted residual disease before allo-SCT into complete remission. After DLI, ES#4 and RMS#4 developed acute GvHD (°III-°IV), ES#4 also developed chronic GvHD. 5 patients including ES#4 lived longer than expected. Median survival after allo-SCT was 2.3 years, post-relapse survival (PRS) was 13 months. Off note, HLA-mismatched DLI were associated with a trend towards increased survival after allo-SCT and increased PRS compared to HLA-matched DLI (23 versus 3 months). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied eight adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with advanced Ewing sarcoma (ES#1-4) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS#1-4) who received DLI. Escalating doses ranged from 2.5 × 104 to 1 × 108 CD3+ cells/kg body weight. AYAs were evaluated for response to DLI, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and survival. CONCLUSIONS: DLI after allo-SCT may control advanced pediatric sarcoma in AYAs with controllable toxicity.

Paramunity-inducing Factors (PINDs) in dendritic cell (DC) cultures lead to impaired antileukemic functionality of DC-stimulated T-cells.

INTRODUCTION: Paramunity-inducing-Factors (PINDs) consist of attenuated/inactivated viruses of various poxvirus-genera, used in veterinary medicine as non-antigen-specific, non-immunising stimulators of the innate immune system against infectious and malignant diseases. Their danger-signaling-interactions were tested for their capacity to improve leukemic antigen-presentation on DC generated from AML-patients' blasts ('DCleu') and DC-stimulation/activation of antileukemic T-cells. METHODS: We analyzed, whether the addition of PINDs during DC cultures (15 healthy, 22 leukemic donors) and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC, n = 15) with autologous (n = 6), allogeneic (n = 2) or T-cells after stem cell transplantation (SCT; n = 7) would alter the quality and quantity of DC, the composition of T-cell-subsets, and/or their antileukemic functionality (AF) as studied by FACS and functional Fluorolysis-cytotoxicity-assays. RESULTS: Effects on 1. DC-cultures: PINDs in DC-cultures lead to increased proportions of mature DC and DCleu, but reduced proportions of viable and overall, as well as TLR4- and TLR9-expressing DC. 2. MLC: PINDs increased early (CD8+) T-cell activation (CD69+), but reduced proportions of effector-T-cells after MLC 3. AF: Presence of PINDs in DC- and MLC-cultures reduced T-cells' as well as innate cells' antileukemic functionality. 4. Cytokine-release profile: Supernatants from PIND-treated DC- and MLC-cultures resembled an inhibitory microenvironment, correlating with impaired blast lysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data shows that addition of PINDs to DC-cultures and MLC result in a "blast-protective-capacity" leading to impaired AF, likely due to changes in the composition of T-/innate effector cells and the induction of an inhibitory microenvironment. PINDs might be promising in treating infectious diseases, but cannot be recommended for the treatment of AML-patients due to their inhibitory influence on antileukemic functionality.

Comparison of matched sibling donors versus unrelated donors in allogeneic stem cell transplantation for primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a study on behalf of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT.

BACKGROUND: Primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia (PRF-AML) is associated with a dismal prognosis. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in active disease is an alternative therapeutic strategy. The increased availability of unrelated donors together with the significant reduction in transplant-related mortality in recent years have opened the possibility for transplantation to a larger number of patients with PRF-AML. Moreover, transplant from unrelated donors may be associated with stronger graft-mediated anti-leukemic effect in comparison to transplantations from HLA-matched sibling donor, which may be of importance in the setting of PRF-AML. METHODS: The current study aimed to address the issue of HSCT for PRF-AML and to compare the outcomes of HSCT from matched sibling donors (n = 660) versus unrelated donors (n = 381), for patients with PRF-AML between 2000 and 2013. The Kaplan-Meier estimator, the cumulative incidence function, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used where appropriate. RESULTS: HSCT provide patients with PRF-AML a 2-year leukemia-free survival and overall survival of about 25 and 30%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, two predictive factors, cytogenetics and time from diagnosis to transplant, were associated with lower leukemia-free survival, whereas Karnofsky performance status at transplant ≥90% was associated with better leukemia-free survival (LFS). Concerning relapse incidence, cytogenetics and time from diagnosis to transplant were associated with increased relapse. Reduced intensity conditioning regimen was the only factor associated with lower non-relapse mortality. CONCLUSIONS: HSCT was able to rescue about one quarter of the patients with PRF-AML. The donor type did not have any impact on PRF patients' outcomes. In contrast, time to transplant was a major prognostic factor for LFS. For patients with PRF-AML who do not have a matched sibling donor, HSCT from an unrelated donor is a suitable option, and therefore, initiation of an early search for allocating a suitable donor is indicated.

Bone marrow involvement identifies a subgroup of advanced Ewing sarcoma patients with fatal outcome irrespective of therapy in contrast to curable patients with multiple bone metastases but unaffected marrow.

PURPOSE: Advanced Ewing sarcomas have poor prognosis. They are defined by early relapse (<24 months after diagnosis) and/or by metastasis to multiple bones or bone marrow (BM). We analyzed risk factors, toxicity and survival in advanced Ewing sarcoma patients treated with the MetaEICESS vs. EICESS92 protocols. DESIGN: Of 44 patients, 18 patients were enrolled into two subsequent MetaEICESS protocols between 1992 and 2014, and compared to outcomes of 26 advanced Ewing sarcoma patients treated with EICESS 1992 between 1992 and 1996. MetaEICESS 1992 consisted of induction chemotherapy, whole body imaging directed radiotherapy to the primary tumor and metastases, tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous rescue. In MetaEICESS 2007 this treatment was complemented by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. EICESS 1992 comprised induction chemotherapy, local therapy to the primary tumor only followed by consolidation chemotherapy. RESULTS: In MetaEICESS 8/18 patients survived in complete remission vs. 2/26 in EICESS 1992 (p<0.05). Survival did not differ between MetaEICESS 2007 and MetaEICESS 1992. Three MetaEICESS patients died of complications, all in MetaEICESS 1992. After exclusion of patients succumbing to treatment related complications (n=3), 7/10 patients survived without BM involvement, in contrast to 0/5 patients with BM involvement. This was confirmed in a multivariate analysis. There was no correlation between BM involvement and the number of metastases at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The MetaEICESS protocols yield long-term disease-free survival in patients with advanced Ewing sarcoma. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation was not associated with increased death of complications. Bone marrow involvement is a risk factor distinct from multiple bone metastases.

Occurrence, risk factors and outcome of adenovirus infection in adult recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Adenovirus (ADV) infections can have a high mortality in immunocompromised patients and are difficult to treat. OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively analyzed occurrence and risk factors of ADV infection in 399 adults with hematological disorders undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), focusing on alternative donor transplantation (ADT) and disseminated disease. RESULTS: ADV infection occurred in 42 patients (10.5%). Disease was localized in 18 and disseminated in 6 patients. ADV infection was observed in 15% after ADT, performed in 29% of all recipients, and was less frequent (6%) in T-cell-replete (TCR) haploidentical transplantation using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCY) than in other ADT protocols. Lower age, the use of alternative donor grafts and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)≥grade II were risk factors for ADV infection. After failure of standard antiviral treatment, three patients with disseminated ADV disease received one dose of ADV-specific T cells, resulting in virological response in 2/3 patients, clearance of ADV viremia in 2/2 patients, and survival of 1/3 patients; both patients with pneumonia died. CONCLUSIONS: ADV infection was of moderate occurrence in our adult recipients of allo-HSCT despite a high proportion of potential high-risk patients receiving ADT. TCR strategies using PTCY might limit ADV complications in haploidentical transplantation. Despite feasible adoptive therapy strategies, outcome of disseminated disease remains dismal.

Splenic irradiation before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized study.

In the context of discussions on the reproducibility of clinical studies, we reanalyzed a prospective randomized study on the role of splenic irradiation as adjunct to the conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Between 1986 and 1989, a total of 229 patients with CML were randomized; of these, 225 (98 %; 112 with, 113 without splenic irradiation) could be identified in the database and their survival updated. Results confirmed the early findings with no significant differences in all measured endpoints (overall survival at 25 years: 42.7 %, 32.0-52.4 % vs 52.9 %, 43.2-62.6 %; p = 0.355, log rank test). Additional splenic irradiation failed to reduce relapse incidence. It did not increase non-relapse mortality nor the risk of late secondary malignancies. Comforting are the long-term results from this predefined consecutive cohort of patients: more than 60 % were alive at plus 25 years when they were transplanted with a low European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) risk sore. This needs to be considered today when treatment options are discussed for patients who failed initial tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and have an available low risk HLA-identical donor.

Virus infection in HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence in the context of immune recovery in two different transplantation settings.

We retrospectively compared the incidence of virus infections and outcome in the context of immune reconstitution in two different HLA-haploidentical transplantation (haplo-HSCT) settings. The first was a combined T-cell-replete and T-cell-deplete approach using antithymocyte globulin (ATG) prior to transplantation in patients with hematological diseases (cTCR/TCD group, 28 patients; median age 31 years). The second was a T-cell-replete (TCR) approach using high-dose posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (TCR/PTCY group, 27 patients; median age 43 years). The incidence of herpesvirus infection was markedly lower in the TCR/PTCY (22 %) than in the cTCR/TCD group (93 %). Recovery of CD4+ T cells on day +100 was faster in the TCR/PTCY group. CMV reactivation was 30 % in the TCR/PTCY compared to 57 % in the cTCR/TCD group, and control with antiviral treatment was superior after TCR/PTCY transplantation (100 vs 50 % cTCR/TCD). Twenty-five percent of the patients in the cTCR/TCD group but no patient in the TCR/PTCY group developed PTLD. While 1-year OS was not different (TCR/PTCY 59 % vs cTCR/TCD 39 %; p = 0.28), virus infection-related mortality (VIRM) was significantly lower after TCR/PTCY transplantation (1-year VIRM, 0 % TCR/PTCY vs 29 % cTCR/TCD; p = 0.009). On day +100, predictors of better OS were lymphocytes >300/µl, CD3+ T cells >200/µl, and CD4+ T cells >150/µl, whereas the application of steroids >1 mg/kg was correlated with worse outcome. Our results suggest that by presumably preserving antiviral immunity and allowing fast immune recovery of CD4+ T cells, the TCR approach using posttransplantation cyclophosphamide is well suited to handle the important issue of herpesvirus infection after haplo-HSCT.

Cytokine Release Patterns in Mixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) of T-Cells with Dendritic Cells (DC) Generated from AML Blasts Contribute to Predict anti-Leukaemic T-Cell Reactions and Patients' Response to Immunotherapy.

To enlighten interactions between autologous, allogeneic or T-cells from patients after stem cell transplantation with leukaemia-derived-dendritic-cells containing dendritic cells or blast containing mononuclear cells (n = 21, respectively), we determined cytokine-concentrations (interleukin 2, 4, 6, 10, tumor-necrosis-factor-α, interferon-γ) in supernatants of mixed-lymphocyte-culture and in serum (n = 16) of 20 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and three patients with myelodysplastic syndromes by cytometric-bead-assay. We correlated our data with lytic capabilities of stimulated T-cells in a fluorolysis-assay and clinical data: Dendritic-cell-/mononuclear-cell-stimulation of T-cells resulted in increased cytokine-levels in culture-medium compared to serum. There were no significant differences between cytokine-patterns of cases with/without lytic T-cell-activity, response to immunotherapy (stem cell transplantation/donor-lymphocyte-infusion) or graft-versus-host-disease. However, some predictive cytokine-cut-off-values for antileukaemic T-cell-activity, patients' response to immunotherapy and graft-versus-host-disease could be defined. Cytokine-profiles alone, without functional assays, are no useful tool to predict antileukaemic T-cell-function, although they can indicate lytic T-cell-activity, patients' response to immunotherapy and graft-versus-host-disease.