Pharmacological Approach for the Prevention of Postoperative Shivering: A Systematic Review of Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials

Shivering is a common postoperative complication that occurs after both general and regional anesthesia even in the cases when hypothermia during surgery has been averted. Patients describe it as a highly unpleasant experience, while clinicians are concerned due to its adverse effects such as increased oxygen consumption. In this article, we present a summary of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in postoperative shivering (POS), risk factors, and inadvertent effects. The major objective of this article was to review the existing literature on the effi ciency of various drug interventions as a prophylactic measure against POS. Since α2-adrenergic, opioid, anticholinergic, and serotonergic pathways are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of POS, a wide variety of drugs has been investigated in this regard. Although the methodological diversity of the study designs and regimens does not support drawing defi nite conclusions, there is evidence indicating a benefi cial effect of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, tramadol, meperidine, dexamethasone, nefopam, granisetron, and ondansetron in the prevention of POS. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough insight on various drug options and to serve as an aid for clinicians for careful analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each regimen to decide which regimen will be ideally suited for the medical profi le of each patient.

The Utility of Echocardiography for the Prediction of Spinal-Induced Hypotension in Elderly Patients: Inferior Vena Cava Assessment Is a Key Player.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the diagnostic performance of echocardiographic measurements before spinal anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing lower limb surgery. Emphasis was placed on the dIVCmax-to-IVCCI ratio and IVCCI, where dIVCmax was the maximum diameter of inferior vena cava (IVC) at expiration and IVCCI was the collapsibility index of IVC. DESIGN: Open cohort, prospective, single-center study. SETTING: University hospital. INTERVENTIONS: A transthoracic echocardiography examination was performed in 70 patients before spinal anesthesia under standard criteria and protocol. Patients with intraoperative mean arterial pressure ≤65 mmHg or ≥25% reduction of its preoperative baseline were considered hypotensive. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Preoperative echocardiographic measurements, including IVCCI, dIVCmax-to-IVCCI, ejection fraction, global longitudinal peak systolic strain, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, ratio of peak velocity flow in early diastole and average of peak velocities in early diastole of lateral and septal mitral annulus, stroke volume index, and left ventricle mass index were assessed. Twenty-eight of 70 patients manifested spinal-induced hypotension. Preoperative dIVCmax-to-IVCCI showed the greatest diagnostic performance among the indices. dIVCmax-to-IVCCI <43 had significantly higher diagnostic power than did IVCCI >0.3 (p = 0.032). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the best predictors for spinal-induced hypotension were the dIVCmax-to-IVCCI ratio and age. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative dIVCmax-to-IVCCI ratio can predict spinal-induced hypotension greater than IVCCI and other echocardiographic measurements in elderly patients. Both dIVCmax-to-IVCCI ratio and patient age can act as predictors of spinal-induced hypotension in elderly patients.

Acute pain management in trauma: anatomy, ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks and special considerations.

Pain is the most common complaint amongst trauma patients throughout the perioperative period. Multimodal analgesia is currently being regarded the mainstay, with regional anesthesia techniques constituting an integral part of it. Ultrasound imaging techniques display a plethora of advantages that have pervaded regional anesthesia practice. In this review, we set out to provide several examples of injuries, to elucidate the precise anatomy of fractured bones (osteotomes), and to elaborate on certain peripheral nerve blocks employed in pain management of trauma patients. Controversies/special considerations pertaining to peripheral nerve blocks also dictate thorough analysis: as such, acute compartment syndrome, acute peripheral nerve injuries, regional anesthesia in awake or anesthetized patients, continuous peripheral nerve blocks, positioning limitations and, finally, ultrasound imaging versus neurostimulation techniques are extensively reviewed.

Publisher Correction: Exposure to Stress-Dose Steroids and Lethal Septic Shock After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Individual Patient Data Reanalysis of Two Prior Randomized Clinical Trials that Evaluated the Vasopressin-Steroids-Epinephrine Combination Versus Epinephrine Alone.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In Table 2, the frequency of Septic Shock reported just below the frequency of "At least 1 Episode of VAP" actually corresponds to the First (and not the Second) Episode of VAP during the postresuscitation period.

Exposure to Stress-Dose Steroids and Lethal Septic Shock After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Individual Patient Data Reanalysis of Two Prior Randomized Clinical Trials that Evaluated the Vasopressin-Steroids-Epinephrine Combination Versus Epinephrine Alone.

PURPOSE: Low-dose steroids may reduce the mortality of severely ill patients with septic shock. We sought to determine whether exposure to stress-dose steroids during and/or after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with reduced risk of death due to postresuscitation septic shock. METHODS: We analyzed pooled, individual patient data from two prior, randomized clinical trials (RCTs). RCTs evaluated vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine (VSE) during resuscitation and stress-dose steroids after resuscitation in vasopressor-requiring, in-hospital cardiac arrest. In the second RCT, 15 control group patients received open-label, stress-dose steroids. Patients with postresuscitation shock were assigned to a Steroids (n = 118) or No Steroids (n = 73) group according to an "as-treated" principle. We used cumulative incidence competing risks Cox regression to determine cause-specific hazard ratios (CSHRs) for pre-specified predictors of lethal septic shock (primary outcome). In sensitivity analyses, data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle (VSE group, n = 103; control group, n = 88). RESULTS: Lethal septic shock was less likely in Steroids versus No Steroids group, CSHR, 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20-0.82; p = 0.012. ITT analysis yielded similar results: VSE versus Control, CSHR, 0.44, 95% CI, 0.23-0.87; p = 0.019. Adjustment for significant, between-group baseline differences in composite cardiac arrest causes such as "hypotension and/or myocardial ischemia" did not appreciably affect the aforementioned CSHRs. CONCLUSIONS: In this reanalysis, exposure to stress-dose steroids (primarily in the context of a combined VSE intervention) was associated with lower risk of postresuscitation lethal septic shock.