Dorsal thalamic connections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of rats.

In order to understand better the organisation of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the ventral thalamus, this paper has examined the patterns of connections that this nucleus has with various nuclei of the dorsal thalamus in rats. Injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B were made into the parafascicular, central lateral, posterior thalamic, medial dorsal, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, dorsal lateral geniculate, anterior, ventral lateral, ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei of Sprague-Dawley rats and their brains were processed using standard tracer detection methods. Three general patterns of ventral lateral geniculate connectivity were seen. First, the parafascicular, central lateral, medial dorsal, posterior thalamic and lateral dorsal nuclei had heavy connections with the parvocellular (internal) lamina of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. This geniculate lamina has been shown previously to receive heavy inputs from many functionally diverse brainstem nuclei. Second, the visually related dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei had heavy connections with the magnocellular (external) lamina of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. This geniculate lamina has been shown by previous studies to receive heavy inputs from the visual cortex and the retina. Finally, the anterior, ventral lateral, ventrobasal and medial geniculate nuclei had very sparse, if any, connections with the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Overall, our results strengthen the notion that one can package the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus into distinct visual (magnocellular) and non-visual (parvocellular) components.

Evidence for a large projection from the zona incerta to the dorsal thalamus.

In an effort to understand better how the zona incerta may influence neocortical activity, this study has examined the patterns of projection that this nucleus has to the dorsal thalamus, the "gateway" to the neocortex. To this end, Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised with Ketamil (100 mg/kg) and Rompun (10 mg/kg), and injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) were made into various dorsal thalamic nuclei, including the primary relay (dorsal lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, ventral posterior), association (lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, posterior thalamic), and intralaminar (central lateral, parafascicular) nuclear groups, by using stereotaxic coordinates. Brains were aldehyde fixed and processed with standard methods. Our results show that there is a large projection from the zona incerta to the dorsal thalamus. This projection does not blanket all nuclei of the dorsal thalamus but, rather, shows a clear preference for some nuclei over others. After CTB or dextran injections into the primary relay nuclei, very few cells are labelled in the zona incerta. After similar injections are made into the association or intralaminar nuclei, however, many more labelled incertal cells are seen. There are some differences in the distribution of labelled cells within the zona incerta after injections into the association nuclei compared with injections into the intralaminar nuclei. The association nuclei relate strongly to the ventral sector, whereas the intralaminar nuclei relate strongly to the dorsal sector of the zona incerta. After each of these injections into the dorsal thalamus, labelled terminals are seen in the zona incerta also, and their distribution mirrors the distribution of the labelled incertal cells described above. Thus, in summary, our results indicate that the zona incerta has a large and preferential projection to the dorsal thalamus, in particular from the association and intralaminar nuclei. Through this dorsal thalamic projection, the zona incerta is in a position to influence large areas of the neocortex.

Patterns of brainstem projection to the thalamic reticular nucleus.

To understand better how the brainstem may influence thalamocortical activity, we have examined the projection patterns of different brainstem nuclei to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Iontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran were made into various nuclei of the brainstem (superior colliculus, periaqueductal grey matter, parabrachial nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and locus coeruleus) of Sprague-Dawley rats by using stereotaxic coordinates. Our results show that afferents from each brainstem nucleus make distinct zones within the reticular nucleus. For example, the superior colliculus projects largely to the dorsal parts of the reticular nucleus, whereas the pedunculopontine nucleus projects to the ventral parts of the reticular nucleus. The substantia nigra, on the other hand, projects to the ventrolateral edge of the reticular nucleus. We also examined the distribution of these brainstem afferents within the dorsal thalamus and compared these distributions with those seen in the reticular nucleus. We found three different patterns. First, a given brainstem nucleus projects to a particular dorsal thalamic nucleus as well as to the corresponding, functionally associated, reticular sector (e.g., from the substantia nigra). Second, a given brainstem nucleus projects to a particular dorsal thalamic nucleus but not to the corresponding reticular sector (e.g., from the superior colliculus). Finally, a given brainstem nucleus projects to a given reticular sector but not to the corresponding dorsal thalamic nucleus (e.g., from the midbrain reticular nucleus). In general, our results indicate that various brainstem nuclei project to particular territories of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Through these reticular projections, brainstem nuclei may influence distinct thalamocortical pathways in addition to those that are influenced by their direct projection to the dorsal thalamus.

Patterns of connections between zona incerta and brainstem in rats.

To understand better the organisation of zona incerta of the thalamus, this study has examined the patterns of connections that this nucleus has with various nuclei of the brainstem. Injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B were made into the dorsal raphe, midbrain reticular nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal grey matter, pontine reticular nucleus, substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and ventral tegmental area of Sprague-Dawley rats, and their brains were processed by using standard tracer-detection methods. In general, our results show that zona incerta forms the major zone in the thalamus where these ascending brainstem axons terminate and from which descending axons that travel back to these same brainstem centres originate. These incertal inputs and outputs are limited largely to a distinct sector of zona incerta, the dorsal sector. An exception to this pattern is evident in the incertal projection to the deep layers of the superior colliculus; this projection, unlike all of the others, arises from cells in the ventral sector of zona incerta. Our results also show little evidence for a well-defined topography of projection between the brainstem and the zona incerta. For instance, small injections into each brainstem nucleus result in labelled terminals and in cells spread throughout much of the dorsal sector of zona incerta, with no local zone of concentration within the sector. Again, an exception to this pattern is seen in the incertal projection to the superior colliculus. This projection, unlike the others, shows a clear topographical organisation: A medial-lateral shift in the injection site in the colliculus results in a lateral-medial shift in the position of labelled cells in zona incerta. Curiously, even though the incertal projection to the colliculus appears to be mapped, the collicular projection back to zona incerta is not mapped. In conclusion, then, a number of brainstem nuclei (except for the deep collicular layers) have strong and overlapping connections within the same sector of zona incerta. This convergence of many functionally diverse brainstem afferents within zona incerta places this nucleus in a strategic position to sample the general activity of the brainstem and, perhaps, acts as a relay of this information to higher centres, such as the dorsal thalamic relay nuclei and the cerebral hemispheres.

Organisation of the reticular thalamic projection to the intralaminar and midline nuclei in rats.

This study examines the projection of the reticular thalamic nucleus to the classic "nonspecific" dorsal thalamic nuclei of rats. Individual nuclei of the intralaminar (central-lateral, paracentral, central-medial, parafascicular) and the midline (reuniens/rhomboid, parataenial) nuclear groups, together with the reticular nucleus itself, were injected with the neuronal tracers biotinylated dextran or fluorescent latex microspheres (red or green). Reticular cells projecting to the intralaminar and midline nuclei are limited largely to the rostral pole of the nucleus. Within the rostral pole, most reticular cells projecting to the intralaminar and midline nuclear groups are found in largely distinct sectors; cells that project to the intralaminar nuclei tend to lie more laterally, whereas those projecting to the midline nuclei lie more medially within the pole. Among the individual nuclei of both the intralaminar and midline nuclear groups, however, the segregation is far less distinct. For instance, the reticular cells that project to the intralaminar central-lateral, central-medial, paracentral, and parafascicular nuclei are intermixed completely on the lateral edge of the rostral pole. After separate injections of different colored latex microspheres into individual intralaminar nuclei, the incidence of double-labelled reticular cells is about 37%, a percentage much higher than among the "specific" dorsal thalamic nuclei (< 1%). All the above-mentioned results refer to the reticular labelling seen on the side ipsilateral to the injection. After separate injections into the intralaminar central-medial nucleus, the midline nuclei, and the reticular nucleus itself, we also see a very small group of reticular cells labelled on the contralateral side. In general, our results indicate that the reticular projection to the intralaminar and midline nuclei is far more diffuse than the reticular projection to the specific dorsal thalamic nuclei.