Untapped "-omics": the microbial metagenome, estrobolome, and their influence on the development of breast cancer and response to treatment.

With the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, there is an increasingly complex understanding of the role of gastrointestinal and local breast microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the microbiome's role in breast carcinogenesis, discussing modifiable risk factors that may affect breast cancer risk by inducing dysbiosis as well as recent sequencing data illustrating breast cancer subtype-specific differences in local breast tissue microbiota. We outline how the 'estrobolome,' the aggregate of estrogen-metabolizing enteric bacterial genes, may affect the risk of developing postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We also discuss the microbiome's potent capacity for anticancer therapy activation and deactivation, an important attribute of the gastrointestinal microbiome that has yet to be harnessed clinically.

Repetitive enhancement of serum BDNF subsequent to continuation ECT.

INTRODUCTION: Continuation electroconvulsive therapy (c-ECT) is highly effective for the prevention of depressive symptom relapse. There is a lack of understanding, about how c-ECT works in humans, particularly with regard to its effects on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Here, we aimed to close a gap in the literature by evaluating BDNF levels in patients receiving c-ECT. METHODS: We included 13 patients with either unipolar or bipolar depression (mean age ± SD: 55.5 ± 17.1; f/m: 10/3; unipolar/bipolar: 10/3) who received between one and four c-ECT (average per patient: 2.8). Serum BDNF (sBDNF) levels were assessed before and after each c-ECT sessions. Clinical assessments were also administered both before and after treatment. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a significant increase in sBDNF after each treatment (c-ECT 1-3: P < 0.001, c-ECT 4: P = 0.018). The application of multiple c-ECT treatments was not, however, associated with further sBDNF enhancements. Psychometric scores were not significantly altered following c-ECT. DISCUSSION: An increase in sBDNF concentrations subsequent to c-ECT parallel data from the animal literature, which has linked regularly applied electrical stimulation to neuroplastic processes. This finding suggests a relationship between ECT-induced sBDNF concentrations and (sustained) remission status, considering a stable clinical condition across c-ECT.

AFP role in predicting recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation in HCV patients.

HCC is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Liver transplantation including living donor transplantation is the best available treatment. We have analyzed our experience with LDLT in patients with HCC and HCV in order to determine if alpha feto-protein (AFP) is a better predictor of recurrence than the tumor burden. We have identified all patients with HCV related liver disease and HCC who have undergone LDLT in one center during the period from December 2000 to December 2014. Outcomes from the prospective database were compared for patients who met Milan criteria (single tumor ≤5 cm, maximum of 3 total tumors with none >3 cm) or not. Uni- and multi-variable analyses of factors influencing recurrence free survival (RFS) were performed. A total of 142 patients with HCC and HCV associated liver disease underwent LDTL during the study period. RFS was 96.4% at 1 years, 91.8% at 3 years and 91.8% at 5 years. Gender, model for End-Stage Liver disease (MELD), pre-transplant therapy, AFP level, tumor number, total tumor size were predictors of recurrence on univariable analysis. On multivariable analysis MELD score (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.16) and Log10 AFP (HR 3.14) were predictors of RFS. In the ROC curve analysis with an AUC of 0.76 the optimal cut-off value of AFP was 26ng/mL. In conclusion MELD score and pre-transplant AFP predict recurrence after LDLT for HCC with HCV infection.

Association of Protein Distribution and Gene Expression Revealed by PET and Post-Mortem Quantification in the Serotonergic System of the Human Brain.

Regional differences in posttranscriptional mechanisms may influence in vivo protein densities. The association of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data from 112 healthy controls and gene expression values from the Allen Human Brain Atlas, based on post-mortem brains, was investigated for key serotonergic proteins. PET binding values and gene expression intensities were correlated for the main inhibitory (5-HT1A) and excitatory (5-HT2A) serotonin receptor, the serotonin transporter (SERT) as well as monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), using Spearman's correlation coefficients (rs) in a voxel-wise and region-wise analysis. Correlations indicated a strong linear relationship between gene and protein expression for both the 5-HT1A (voxel-wise rs = 0.71; region-wise rs = 0.93) and the 5-HT2A receptor (rs = 0.66; 0.75), but only a weak association for MAO-A (rs = 0.26; 0.66) and no clear correlation for SERT (rs = 0.17; 0.29). Additionally, region-wise correlations were performed using mRNA expression from the HBT, yielding comparable results (5-HT1Ars = 0.82; 5-HT2Ars = 0.88; MAO-A rs = 0.50; SERT rs = -0.01). The SERT and MAO-A appear to be regulated in a region-specific manner across the whole brain. In contrast, the serotonin-1A and -2A receptors are presumably targeted by common posttranscriptional processes similar in all brain areas suggesting the applicability of mRNA expression as surrogate parameter for density of these proteins.

Laparoscopy-assisted transvaginal resection of sigmoid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopy-assisted transvaginal resection of sigmoid cancer. METHODS: From 2009 to 2011 we performed 21 laparoscopy-assisted transvaginal resections of sigmoid cancers. RESULTS: The resected tumours were T1(6), T2(7) and T3(8). The median number of resected lymph nodes was 15. Median operative time was 150 min and no conversion to open technique was necessary. A total of eighteen patients tolerated a liquid diet 24 h after surgery. The average VAS pain score (0 = no pain, 10 = unbearable pain) was 1.8 after 24 h and 1.1 after 48 h. One patient experienced a postoperative ileus, two patients had vaginal spotting with serous flow and three patients suffered urinary tract infections. One patient developed a hernia at the umbilical trocar site that was operated on. None of the sexually active patients reported any differences in sexual activity pre-op and postop on a postoperative questionnaire. After a median of 25 (10-41) months of follow-up, all patients are alive and well, with no evidence of recurrent disease. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy-assisted transvaginal resection of sigmoid cancer is feasible and safe in a selected group of patients.

Impact of preoperative information on anxiety and disease-related knowledge in women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the large number of clinical trials on breast cancer, patient-related factors such as perioperative anxiety and level of knowledge about the disease and treatment have not been included in mainstream research efforts. This randomized trial was performed to evaluate the impact of information, provided preoperatively, on anxiety and knowledge of women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients with breast cancer, admitted for a mastectomy, as primary treatment for breast cancer, with no previous cancer history, were randomized to receive structured information (short video about practical aspects of the hospital stay, surgical and adjuvant treatment) in addition to the routine informed consent procedure for surgery or the routine informed consent only. Anxiety and subjective knowledge levels were measured with the visual analogue scales; in addition, knowledge was assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of the additional information on perioperative anxiety or knowledge (subjective). Significantly more patients in the additional information group correctly listed all major available treatment options compared to the patients that received routine information (preoperatively 54% vs. 19%; p = 0.0101; 7 days postoperatively 50% vs.19%; p = 0.0367). CONCLUSIONS: Use of an informational video, preoperatively, did not significantly affect perioperative anxiety or subjective knowledge. Additional research is needed on effective delivery of disease- and treatment-specific information perioperatively.

Amyand's hernia. Historical perspective and current considerations.

We report a case of an uncomplicated inguinal hernia containing a non-inflamed vermiform appendix, also known as Amyand's hernia. The historical perspective together with possible variants of this condition and current consideration in the management of this rare disease are discussed.

Surgical management of solitary metastatic melanoma.

The results of non-surgical treatment of advanced stage melanoma are disappointing. Carefully selected stage IV melanoma patients can profit from an aggressive surgical approach. The possibilities of surgical treatment of solitary and single-organ metastasis of melanoma are discussed for most common metastatic sites.

Metastasis to the breast--a clinical challenge in outpatient.

Metastatic tumours of the breast are often misdiagnosed as a primary breast malignancy. This erroneous diagnosis can lead to unnecessary mutilating surgery and to delays in applying appropriate treatment. We have analyzed the clinical features of seven patients presenting initially with a breast mass which, after further investigation, proved to be metastasis from a non-breast primary tumour. The treatment of metastatic breast tumours depends on the nature of the primary tumour. Metastases of solid tumours are treated with local excision. Lymphomas are treated with appropriate systemic therapy. The prognosis for patients with metastatic tumours in the breast is poor.

Primary angiosarcoma of the colon.

Angiosarcoma of gastrointestinal tract is extremely rare. Since 1948, we can find only six reported cases of primary colonic angiosarcoma. The review of the six reported cases and a report on the first colonic angiosarcoma to be seen in an adolescent male are presented. The treatment of the colon angiosarcoma is wide surgical excision. The prognosis is poor. Our case is the second one to be alive, more than 18 months after surgery, with no evidence of recurrent disease.

Factors determining the post-operative hypo-albuminaemia in cancer patients--stepwise regression analysis.

AIM: To investigate factors influencing post-operative hypo-albuminaemia in cancer patients, with special reference to low dose albumin and/or immunoglobulins administration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 270 patients with malignant neoplasms, who underwent extensive chest and/or abdominal surgery, albumin concentrations on the first four postoperative days were examined. One hundred and three high-risk patients received human immunoglobulins intravenously; 44 were given albumin. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the factors influencing albuminaemia on the first four postoperative days. RESULTS: Mean nadir of hypo-albuminaemia occurred on the third postoperative day. In the multivariate analysis, a positive correlation was found between postoperative albuminaemia and pre-operative albuminaemia (b = 0.4919; p = 0.0000) as well as male gender (b = 2.0939; p = 0.0025). A negative correlation was found with the duration of surgery (b = -0.0416; p = 0.0212), pre-operative plasma protein (b = -0.2118, p = 0.0130) and postoperative immunoglobulin administration (b = -1.8858, p = 0.0074). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative albuminaemia is positively correlated with pre-operative albuminaemia and male gender and negatively correlated with the duration of surgery, pre-operative proteinaemia and postoperative Ig administration.

Altered immune reactivity of mice born from mothers treated with ampicillin during gestation.

The cellular and humoral immune responses of 30-day-old mice born from mothers treated with ampicillin during pregnancy were studied. A lowering of cellular immunity, accompanied by a decrease in T lymphocyte percentage in lymph nodes, and an increase of humoral immune response were observed.

[Histochemical study of the effect of phosphoroorganic esters Z-50 (fenchlorfos) and Z-51 (bromophos) on cholinesteras activity in the course of the muscle phase in experimental trichinellosis in mice]. / Histochemiczne badania nad wplywem estrów fosforo-organicznych Z-50 (fenchlorfos) i Z-51 (bromofos) na aktywnosc cholinesteraz w miesniowej fazie doswiadczalnej wlosnicy u myszek

The studies were carried out on mice between the 14th and 19th days, i.e., in the period of maximum penetration of T. spiralis larvae in the host's muscles. Phosphoro-organic esters were given orally to experimental animals in oil solution, at the following doses: Z-50 -- 150 mg per kg of body weight and Z-51 -- 100 mg per kg of body weight. The influence of esters on the activity of cholinesterases was investigated with the Koelle-Friedenwald method, modified by Gomori. The aim of the study was to establish the joint activity of the migrating Trichinella larvae and phosphoro-organic esters on the organism of the host. Z-50 and Z-51 penetrate in therapeutic doses the striated muscles rather weakly. 24 hrs after these compounds were given, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited in motor end-plates in about 30%, and in muscle fibres infected with T. spiralis larvae in about 60-70%. Pseudocholinesterase (PChE) activity was stronger inhibited than AChE. 24 hrs after applying Z-50 and Z-51 PChE was inhibited in about 90%. Of the two phosphoro-organic esters being examined Z-51 stronger inhibited the cholinesterases activity than Z-50. It was found that the efficiency of phosphoro-organic esters in the course of trichinellosis depends on its ability of infiltration into the host's muscles and on the degree of inhibition of the active cholinesterases in the motor end-plates. Attention was drawn to the fact that increased activity of cholinergic system is one of the main factors in the patholgenesis of the second phase of trichinellosis, i.e., the migration and penetration of the larvae in the muscular fibres of the host.