Statins Determination: A Review of Electrochemical Techniques.

The use of electroanalytical techniques for the determination of statins (Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin) is reviewed covering the period from 1997 to 2016. Among all of the published electrochemical methods, voltammetry and polarography are the most popular techniques for the determination of statins, and both are used for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. The determination of statins by a potentiometric method using ion-selective electrodes is reported in only few papers. Сoulometry and conductometry have been not used for the determination of statins till date. Current trends in developing new electrochemical methods for the analysis of statins are discussed.

The intensity of internalization and cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with different surface modifications in human tumor and diploid lung cells.

The human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells and the human embryo lung (HEL 12469) cells were used to investigate the uptake and cytotoxicity of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with different chemically modified surfaces. MNPs uptake was an energy-dependent process substantially affected by the serum concentration in the culture medium. Internalized MNPs localized in vesicle-bound aggregates were observed in the cytoplasm, none in the nucleus or in mitochondria. All MNPs induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in cytotoxicity in both human lung cell lines. The cytotoxicity of MNPs increased proportionally with the particle size. Since the cytotoxicity of MNPs was nearly identical when the doses were equalized based on particle surface area, we suppose that the particle surface area rather than the surface modifications per se underlay the cytotoxicity of MNPs. In general, higher internalized amount of MNPs was found in HEL 12469 cells compared with A549 cells. Accordingly, the viability of the human embryo lung cells was reduced more substantially than that of the adenocarcinoma lung cells. The weak MNPs uptake into A549 cells might be of biomedical relevance in cases where MNPs should be used as nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in tumor tissue derived from alveolar epithelial cells.

Structuring from nanoparticles in oil-based ferrofluids.

The effect of magnetic field on the structure formation in an oil-based magnetic fluid with various concentrations of magnetite particles was studied. The evaluation of the experimental data obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering and ultrasonic attenuation indicates the formation of chain-like aggregates composed of magnetite particles. The experimental data obtained from ultrasonic spectroscopy fit well with the recent theoretical model by Shliomis, Mond and Morozov but only for a diluted magnetic fluid. In this model it is assumed that a dimer is the main building block of a B -field-induced chain-like structure, thus the estimation of the nematic order parameter does not depend on the actual length of the structure. The scattering method used reveals information about the aggregated structure size and relative changes in the degree of anisotropy in qualitative terms. The coupling constant [Formula: see text] , concentrations [Formula: see text] , average particle size d and its polydispersity [Formula: see text] were initially obtained using the vibrating sample magnetometry and these results were further confirmed by rheometry and scattering methods. Both the particles' orientational distribution and the nematic order parameter S were inferred from the ultrasonic measurements. The investigation of SAXS patterns reveals the orientation and sizes of aggregated structures under application of different magnetic-field strengths. In addition, the magnetic-field-dependent yield stress was measured, and a relationship between the yield stress and magnetic-field strength up to 0.5 T was established.

Breakdown and partial discharges in magnetic liquids.

The dielectric properties (permittivity, loss factor, dielectric breakdown strength) of magnetic liquids were investigated. The magnetic liquids were composed of magnetite particles coated with oleic acid as surfactant and dispersed in transformer oil. To determine their dielectric properties they were subjected to a uniform magnetic field at high alternating electric fields up to 14 MV m(-1). Nearly constant permittivity of magnetic liquid with particle volume concentration Φ = 0.0019 as a function of electric field was observed. Magnetic liquids with concentrations Φ = 0.019 and 0.032 showed significant changes of permittivity and loss factor dependent on electric and magnetic fields. The best concentration of magnetic fluid was found at which partial current impulse magnitudes were the lowest. The breakdown strength distribution of the magnetic liquid with Φ = 0.0025 was fitted with the Duxbury-Leath, Weibull and Gauss distribution functions.

The structural transitions in 6CHBT-based ferronematic droplets.

In this work we describe the observations of structural transitions in ferronematics based on the thermotropic nematics 6CHBT (4-trans-4'-n-hexyl-cyclohexyl-isothiocyanato-benzene). The ferronematic droplets were observed in solutions of nematogenic 6CHBT dissolved in phenyl isocyanate and doped with fine magnetic particles. The phase diagram of the transitions from the isotropic phase to the nematic phase via a droplet state was found. Magneto-dielectric measurements of various structural transitions in this new system enabled us to estimate the type of anchoring of the nematic molecules on the magnetic particle surfaces in the droplets.

Multiple-length-scale patterning of magnetic nanoparticles by stamp assisted deposition.

Control of the size and spatial distribution of materials at multiple length scales is one of the most compelling issues in nanotechnology research. We report a multiple-length-scale patterning of pure magnetic particles as well as biocompatible magnetic particles based on a printing technique named micro-injection molding in capillaries. The magnetic particles were prepared by a technique of co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous salts in an alkali medium. We demonstrate that the morphology and the size of the patterning nanoparticles can be controlled by simply controlling the concentration of the solution. Our method exploits the self-organization of the nanoparticles in a solution confined between a stamp and the surfaces of a substrate, exploiting confinement and competing interactions between the adsorbate and the substrate. Our approach represents a remarkable example of an integrated top-down/bottom-up process.

Encapsulation of anticancer drug and magnetic particles in biodegradable polymer nanospheres.

In this study, we have prepared PLGA (poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres loaded with biocompatible magnetic fluid and anticancer drug taxol by a modified nanoprecipitation technique and investigated their magnetic properties. A magnetic fluid, MF-PEG, with a biocompatible layer of polyethylene glycol (PEG), was chosen as a magnetic carrier. The PLGA, whose copolymer ratio of D,L-lactide to glycolide is 85:15, was utilized as a capsulation material. Taxol, as an important anticancer drug, was chosen for its significant role against a wide range of tumours. The morphology and particle size distributions of the prepared nanospheres were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and showed a spherical shape of prepared nanospheres with size 250 nm. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis confirmed incorporation of magnetic particles and taxol into the PLGA polymer. The results showed good encapsulation with magnetite content 21.5 wt% and taxol 0.5 wt%. Magnetic properties of magnetic fluids and taxol within the PLGA polymer matrix were investigated by SQUID magnetometry from 4.2 to 300 K. The SQUID measurements showed superparamagnetism of prepared nanospheres with a blocking temperature of 160 K and saturation magnetization 1.4 mT.